Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study participants with prediabetes by frailty status.
| Variables | Total (n=38,950) | Nonfrail (n=17,539) | Prefrail (n=19,122) | Frail (n=2289) | P valuea | |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 58.6 (53.1 to 62.0) | 59.0 (53.7 to 62.1) | 58.3 (52.7 to 61.8) | 58.3 (52.9 to 61.7) | <.001 | |
| Gender, n (%) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
Female | 21,155 (54.3) | 8928 (50.9) | 10,771 (56.3) | 1456 (63.6) |
|
|
|
Male | 17,795 (45.7) | 8611 (49.1) | 8351 (43.7) | 833 (36.4) |
|
| Ethnicity, n (%) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
White | 34,705 (89.1) | 16,075 (91.7) | 16,719 (87.4) | 1911 (83.5) |
|
|
|
Mixed | 339 (0.9) | 137 (0.8) | 180 (0.9) | 22 (1.0) |
|
|
|
South Asian | 1558 (4.0) | 449 (2.6) | 943 (4.9) | 166 (7.3) |
|
|
|
Black | 1474 (3.8) | 563 (3.2) | 796 (4.2) | 115 (5.0) |
|
|
|
Chinese | 261 (0.7) | 104 (0.6) | 139 (0.7) | 18 (0.8) |
|
|
|
Other background | 613 (1.6) | 211 (1.2) | 345 (1.8) | 57 (2.5) |
|
| Educational levelb, n (%) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
High | 11,198 (28.7) | 5647 (32.2) | 5156 (27.0) | 395 (17.3) |
|
|
|
Intermediate | 12,464 (32.0) | 5728 (32.7) | 6165 (32.2) | 571 (24.9) |
|
|
|
Low | 15,288 (39.3) | 6164 (35.1) | 7801 (40.8) | 1323 (57.8) |
|
| Occupational status, n (%) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
Working | 23,793 (61.1) | 11,059 (63.1) | 11,892 (62.2) | 842 (36.8) |
|
|
|
Retired | 10,407 (26.7) | 5095 (29.0) | 4710 (24.6) | 602 (26.3) |
|
|
|
Other | 4750 (12.2) | 1385 (7.9) | 2520 (13.2) | 845 (36.9) |
|
| Townsend deprivation index, median (IQR) | –1.7 (–3.5 to 1.2) | –2.2 (–3.7 to 0.3) | –1.4 (–3.2 to 1.6) | 0.5 (–2.3 to 3.6) | <.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 28.5 (25.4 to 32.1) | 27.5 (24.8 to 30.8) | 29.2 (25.9 to 32.9) | 31.6 (27.8 to 36.4) | <.001 | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
Never | 19,301 (49.6) | 8963 (51.1) | 9366 (49.0) | 972 (42.5) |
|
|
|
Previous | 12,788 (32.8) | 5929 (33.8) | 6137 (32.1) | 722 (31.5) |
|
|
|
Current | 6861 (17.6) | 2647 (15.1) | 3619 (18.9) | 595 (26.0) |
|
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
Never or special occasions only | 9939 (25.5) | 3308 (18.9) | 5551 (29.0) | 1080 (47.2) |
|
|
|
1 to 3 times per month | 4919 (12.6) | 2045 (11.7) | 2587 (13.5) | 287 (12.5) |
|
|
|
1 to 4 times per week | 17,545 (45.0) | 8674 (49.5) | 8176 (42.8) | 695 (30.4) |
|
|
|
Daily or almost daily | 6547 (16.8) | 3512 (20.0) | 2808 (14.7) | 227 (9.9) |
|
| Healthy diet, n (%) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
No | 9146 (23.5) | 3444 (19.6) | 4930 (25.8) | 772 (33.7) |
|
|
|
Yes | 29,804 (76.5) | 14,095 (80.4) | 14,192 (74.2) | 1517 (66.3) |
|
| Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol), median (IQR) | 40.4 (39.6 to 42.0) | 40.3 (39.5 to 41.6) | 40.5 (39.6 to 42.1) | 40.9 (39.8 to 42.6) | <.001 | |
| Prevalent diseases, n (%) | ||||||
|
|
Cardiovascular disease | 3477 (8.9) | 1157 (6.6) | 1835 (9.6) | 485 (21.2) | <.001 |
|
|
Chronic kidney disease | 180 (0.5) | 55 (0.3) | 88 (0.5) | 37 (1.6) | <.001 |
|
|
Eye disease | 1303 (3.3) | 520 (3.0) | 646 (3.4) | 137 (6.0) | <.001 |
|
|
Dementia | 14 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) | .37 |
|
|
Depression | 2954 (7.6) | 812 (4.6) | 1636 (8.6) | 506 (22.1) | <.001 |
| Family history, n (%) | ||||||
|
|
Diabetes mellitus | 11,197 (28.7) | 4716 (26.9) | 5720 (29.9) | 761 (33.2) | <.001 |
|
|
Cardiovascular disease | 23,633 (60.7) | 10,448 (59.6) | 11,711 (61.2) | 1474 (64.4) | <.001 |
|
|
Dementia | 4733 (12.2) | 2164 (12.3) | 2283 (11.9) | 286 (12.5) | .44 |
|
|
Depression | 5146 (13.2) | 2087 (11.9) | 2637 (13.8) | 422 (18.4) | <.001 |
aGenerated using chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
bEducational level was classified as high (college or university degree), intermediate (A/AS levels or equivalent, O levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education levels or equivalent), and low (none of the above).