Table 1.

Drugs that can cause ocular toxicity.¹

Oral drugs	Use	Possible ocular side effects
Topiramate	Treatment of epilepsy	Secondary angle-closure glaucoma, visual field defects, oculogyric crisis, uveitis
Gabapentin	Treatment of epilepsy	Nystagmus, diplopia and visual field defects
Vigabatrin	Treatment of epilepsy	Visual field constriction, optic nerve atrophy
Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate sodium,, risedronate, zoledronic acid	Treatment and prevetion of osteoporosis	Inflammation in the eye leads to conjunctivitis, episcleritis, scleritis, keratitis or uveitis, or corneal and scleral melting
Chloroquine-based drugs (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine	Treatment of malaria	Maculopathy, peripheral retinopathy
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisolone, dexamethasone)	Anti-inflammatory	Corticosteroid-induced raised intraocular pressure can lead to glaucoma, acceleration of cataract progression, and subcapsular cataracts.
Ethambutol	Treatment of tuberculosis	Optic neuropathy characterised by bilateral central visual loss, decreased colour vision, central visual field defects, and (eventually) optic atrophy
Fingolimod	Treatment of multiple sclerosis	Macular oedema, blurred vision, distortion, and impaired reading vision
Isotretinoin and vitamin A	Acne and vitamin A deficiency treatment, respectively	Blepharoconjunctivitis, chalazia, corneal opacities, dry eyes, retinopathy
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase enzyme (MEK) inhibitors, e.g., crizotinib	Treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer	Decreased visual acuity, visual field defects, dry eye symptoms, eyelid abnormalities, retinal vein occlusion, and retinopathy
Pentosan polysulfate	Relief of bladder pain and discomfort related to interstitial cystitis	Maculopathy, retinal pigment epithelial lesions
Phenothiazines	Treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders	Abnormal pigmentation of the eyelids, conjunctiva and cornea. Corneal epithelial changes (high dose). Corneal oedema (rare).
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, e.g., sildenafil, tadalafil	Treatment of erectile dysfunction	Persistent blurred vision, non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy, cilioretinal artery occlusion, or central serous chorioretinopathy.
Tamoxifen	Treatment of breast cancer	Intraretinal crystalline deposits, macular oedema, and punctate retinal pigmentary changes.
Tetracyclines, e.g., doxycycline, tetracycline	Antibiotics	Nausea, vomiting, and morning headaches may be symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension which can lead to permanent loss of vision
Thiazolidinediones, e.g., glitazones, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone	Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus	Macular oedema