FIGURE 1.

Putative copy number alterations and DNA sequence changes within driver genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (A) Distribution of TP53‐, PTEN‐, KRAS‐ and CTNNB1‐specific genomic alterations in The Cancer Genome Atlas HCC database is shown on a cBioPortal OncoPrint plot. (B) Associations between copy number and mRNA expression of PTEN and KRAS are shown in a cBioPortal dot plot. (C) Experimental scheme for the induction of liver tumors into Kras ^G12D and WT mice with four rounds of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) treatment followed by plasmid DNA hydrodynamic injection (Hpiv). Empty pX330 plasmid suspended in 2 mL saline was injected into WT mice as a control. (D) Number of mice that developed tumors within 8 months after hydrodynamic injection. (E) Survival graph of the corresponding conditions in tumor‐bearing mice. GISTIC, Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer; RNA‐seq, RNA sequencing.