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. 2023 Jun 2;21:176. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01886-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — UCMSCs-exo/eNOS promote proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. a Proliferation of HUVECs incubated in complete medium supplemented with UCMSCs-exo and UCMSCs-exo/eNOS for 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Each group was set up with three replicates. b Proliferation of fibroblasts incubated in complete medium supplemented with UCMSCs-exo and UCMSCs-exo/eNOS for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Each group was set up with three replicates. c Scratch assay to assess the migration of HUVEC treated with UCMSCs-exo and UCMSCs-exo/eNOS. Representative pictures of wound closure at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h with UCMSCs-exo vs. UCMSCs-exo/eNOS vs. Control group. Scale bar: 200 μm. d Scratch assay to assess migration of fibroblasts treated with UCMSCs-exo and UCMSCs-exo/eNOS. Representative images of wound closure at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h with UCMSCs-exo vs. UCMSCs-exo/eNOS vs. Control group. Scale bars: 200 μm. e Graph showing quantification of HUVEC wound closure. Each group was set up with six replicates. f Graph showing quantification of fibroblast wound closure. Each group was set up with 6 replicates for validation. g Representative micrographs showing the effect of UCMSCs-exo vs. UCMSCs-exo/eNOS on Transwell migration of fibroblasts and HUVECs. Scale bar: 200 μm. h Quantitative analysis of Transwell assay of fibroblasts. Each group was set up with six replicates. i Quantitative analysis of Transwell assay of HUVECs. Each group was set up with six replicates. Data represent means ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. Control group; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 vs. UCMSCs-exo group (two-tailed Student’s t-test)