Table 1.
Clinical, Doppler echocardiography, and CT characteristics according to ethnicity
| Variables | All BAV N = 485 | Caucasians N = 132, 27% | Asians N = 353, 73% | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | ||||
| Age, y | 63 [55-70] | 59 [49-66] | 64 [58-71] | <0.0001 |
| Male, n (%) | 289 (60) | 79 (60) | 210 (59) | 0.94 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.72 [1.60; 1.86] | 1.89 [1.77-2.04] | 1.67 [1.56-1.78] | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 | 25 [23-28] | 27 [25-31] | 24 [22-26] | <0.0001 |
| Obesity [BMI >30], n (%) | 51 (11) | 38 (29) | 13 (4) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 212 (44) | 62 (47) | 150 (42) | 0.38 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) [n = 452] | 75 (17) | 35 (35) | 40 (11) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 69 (14) | 15 (11) | 54 (15) | 0.27 |
| History of smoking, n (%) [n = 447] | 191 (43) | 52 (54) | 139 (40) | 0.01 |
| CKD, n (%) [n = 472] | 17 (4) | 12 (10) | 5 (1) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 42 (9) | 24 (18) | 18 (5) | <0.0001 |
| Echocardiography data | ||||
| LVOT diameter, mm | 21.6 [20.5-23.0] | 22.3 [21.0-24.0] | 21.3 [20.5-22.4] | <0.0001 |
| Vpeak, cm/s | 460 [390-520] | 347 [287-417] | 483 [430-538] | <0.0001 |
| MG, mmHg | 51 [37-66] | 30 [19-43] | 57 [44-71] | <0.0001 |
| AVA, cm2 | 0.71 [0.58-0.90] | 0.97 [0.77-1.21] | 0.65 [0.55-0.80] | <0.0001 |
| AVAi, cm2/m2 | 0.42 [0.34-0.52] | 0.52 [0.41-0.64] | 0.40 [0.33-0.47] | <0.0001 |
| Stroke volume (SV), mL | 76 [66-86] | 80 [65-91] | 75 [67-84] | 0.08 |
| SV index (SVi), mL/m2 | 44 [39-50] | 41 [37-46] | 45 [40-51] | <0.0001 |
| LVEF, % [n = 474] | 64 [60-67] | 63 [59-67] | 64 [61-67] | 0.13 |
| Concordant MG-AVAi, n (%) | 391 (81) | 79 (60) | 312 (88) | <0.0001 |
| Severe AS | 337 (86) | 39 (49) | 298 (96) | |
| Mild/moderate AS | 54 (14) | 40 (51) | 14 (4) | |
| Computed tomography data | ||||
| AVC, AU | 2392 [1227-3842] | 1659 [412-2966] | 2695 [1569-4105] | <0.0001 |
| Men | 3229 [1878-4817] | 2183 [764-3840] | 3374 [2214-5252] | <0.0001 |
| Women | 1644 [786-2590] | 866 [66-1863] | 1865 [939-2757] | <0.0001 |
| AVCd, AU/cm2 | 637 [333-1046] | 395 [116-742] | 737 [449-1146] | <0.0001 |
| Men | 810 [468-1300] | 483 [198-947] | 925 [614-1396] | <0.0001 |
| Women | 471 [191-734] | 236 [18-466] | 535 [296-760] | <0.0001 |
| Severe AVC, n (%) | 321 (66) | 63 (48) | 258 (73) | <0.0001 |
| Severe AVCd, n (%) | 345 (71) | 63 (48) | 282 (80) | <0.0001 |
Notes. Values are median [25th-75th percentiles]. Bold values indicate statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Abbreviations: AS, aortic stenosis; AVA, aortic valve area; AVAi, aortic valve area indexed by the body surface area; AVC, aortic valve calcification; AVCd, aortic valve calcification density; BAV, bicuspid aortic valve; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CT, computed tomography; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOT, left ventricle outflow tract; MG, mean transvalvular gradient; Vpeak, peak aortic jet velocity.