Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, echocardiographic data, and procedural safety and quality measures of the studied patients
| Characteristics | N = 16 |
|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |
| Age (y) | 55.75 ± 16.69 |
| Male gender | 8 (50%) |
| Weight (Kg) | 69.13 ± 9.40 |
| Height (m) | 1.59 ± 0.09 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.71 ± 0.17 |
| Medical comorbidities | |
| Hypertension | 8 (50%) |
| Diabetes mellitus II | 4 (25%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5 (31.25%) |
| Previous cancer/chemotherapy | 2 (12.5%) |
| Liver cirrhosis | 2 (12.5%) |
| Bronchial asthma | 1 (6.25%) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2 (12.5%) |
| Hypothyroidism | 3 (18.75%) |
| Original diagnosis | |
| CAD | 4 (25%) |
| DCM | 7 (43.75%) |
| Myxomatous MV | 2 (12.5%) |
| AV lesions | 2 (12.5%) |
| No cardiac history | 1 (6.25%) |
| Previous interventions | |
| CABG | 3 (18.75%) |
| Valve surgery | 5 (31.25%) |
| MitraClip devices | 2 (12.5%) |
| No previous interventions | 6 (37.5%) |
| Previous rings/clips in MV position | |
| No | 12 (75%) |
| Rings | 2 (12.5%) |
| Clips | 2 (12.5%) |
| Time since last intervention (mo) | 22.83 ± 20.44 |
| Previous cardiac medications | |
| Yes | 15 (93.75%) |
| No | 1 (6.25%) |
| STS score (%) | 12.35 ± 8.62 |
| Clinical presentations | |
| NYHA-FC | |
| III | 10 (62.5%) |
| IV | 6 (37.5%) |
| HF hospitalization within the last 12 mo | 2.86 ± 1.07 |
| Auscultation | |
| Pansystolic murmur | 15 (93.75%) |
| Midsystolic murmur | 1 (6.25%) |
| Echocardiographic data | |
| Etiology and site of MR MVL perforations: | 9 (56.25%) |
| Iatrogenic AML perforation | 4 (25%) |
| Ischemic AML perforation | 2 (12.5%) |
| Spontaneously ruptured aneurysm with a perforation in AML | 1 (6.25%) |
| Postinfective para-ring perforation/leak | 2 (12.5%) |
| Post-MitraClip residual MR jets | 7 (43.75%) |
| Commissural residual MR | 3 (18.75%) |
| Inter-MitraClip residual MR | 4 (25%) |
| MR severity | |
| Moderate (II) | 0 (0%) |
| Severe (III) | 16 (100%) |
| Perforation/jet diameters (mm) | 5.75 ± 1.67 × 6.5 ± 1.93 |
| 3D-VCA (EROA) (cm2) | 0.54 ± 0.14 |
| MV Pg (mmHg) | 3.42 ± 0.84 |
| Procedural safety and quality measures | |
| General anesthesia | 16 (100%) |
| Septal puncture | 16 (100%) |
| Apical puncture | 3 (18.75%) |
| Invasive LAP (mmHg) | 44.38 ± 6.26 |
| Crossing approach | |
| Antegrade transvenous/transeptal | 7 (43.75%) |
| Retrograde transaortic | 7 (43.75%) |
| Retrograde transapical | 2 (12.5%) |
| Crossing catheters | |
| JR | 1 (6.25%) |
| PG | 1 (6.25%) |
| IM | 2 (12.5%) |
| MP | 5 (31.25%) |
| Agilis | 7 (43.75%) |
| Arteriovenous loop | |
| Yes | 6 (37.5%) |
| No | 10 (62.5%) |
| Deployment approach | |
| Antegrade transvenous/transeptal | 13 (81.25%) |
| Retrograde transapical | 3 (18.75%) |
| Device type | |
| Amplatzer ASO | 10 (62.5%) |
| Amplatzer VP-II | 6 (37.5%) |
| Number of devices used | |
| One | 15 (93.75%) |
| Two | 1 (6.25%) |
| Procedure type | |
| Elective | 9 (56.25%) |
| Urgent | 5 (31.25%) |
| Emergency/salvage | 2 (12.5%) |
| Procedural time (min) | 55.13 ± 16.24 |
| Fluoroscopy time (min) | 16.25 ± 4.03 |
| Contrast (mL) | 33.75 ± 10.94 |
| Radiation dose (μGym2) | 16.25 ± 4.41 |
| Technical success | |
| Yes | 16 (100%) |
| No | 0 (0%) |
| Complete closure | |
| Yes | 15 (93.75%) |
| Residual shunt | 1 (6.25%) |
| Procedural complications | |
| No | 13 (81.25%) |
| Access site complications | 1 (6.25%) |
| Arrhythmia/CHB/new pacemaker | 2 (12.5%) |
| Conversion to open heart surgery | |
| Yes | 0 (0%) |
| No | 16 (100%) |
| Procedure-related mortality | |
| Yes | 0 (0%) |
| No | 16 (100%) |
3D, 3-dimensional; AML, anterior mitral leaflet; ASO, atrial septal occluder; AV, aortic valve; BSA, body surface area; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHB, complete heart block; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; EROA, effective regurgitant orifice area; HF, heart failure; IM, internal mammary; JR, Judkin right; LAP, left atrial pressure; MP, multipurpose; MR, mitral regurgitation; MV, mitral valve; MVL, mitral valve leaflet; NYHA-FC, New York Heart Association Functional Class; PG, pigtail; Pg, pressure gradient; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons; VCA, vena contracta area; VP, vascular plug.