Table 2.
Echocardiographic characteristics of the study population
| Variable | Total population (n = 1895) | Female (n = 910) | Male (n = 985) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left ventricle and atrium | ||||
| LV EDD, mm | 47.9 (±7.4) | 45.9 (±6.6) | 49.8 (±7.6) | <0.001 |
| LV ESV indexed, mL/m2 | 22 (17-31) | 21 (16-28) | 24 (18-35) | <0.001 |
| LV EDV indexed, mL/m2 | 57 (46-73) | 55 (44-71) | 59 (48-73) | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 58 (±13) | 60 (±11) | 56 (±14) | <0.001 |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 116.1 (±35.1) | 110.6 (±32.4) | 121.1 (±36.7) | <0.001 |
| Stages of remodeling | <0.001 | |||
| Normal geometry | 326 (17.7%) | 133 (15.2%) | 193 (20.0%) | <0.05 |
| Concentric remodeling | 449 (24.4%) | 175 (20.0%) | 274 (28.3%) | <0.05 |
| Concentric hypertrophy | 658 (35.7%) | 370 (42.3%) | 288 (29.8%) | <0.05 |
| Eccentric hypertrophy | 409 (22.2%) | 197 (22.5%) | 212 (21.9%) | ns |
| LAVi, mL/m2 | 37 (29-47) | 38 (30-50) | 36 (29-46) | 0.001 |
| E/e’ | 14.5 (10.9-20.0) | 15.6 (12.1-21.4) | 13.4 (10.0-19.0) | <0.001 |
| Moderate or severe MR (%) | 185 (9.8%) | 91 (10.0%) | 94 (9.6%) | 0.737 |
| Aortic valve | ||||
| Stroke volume index, mL/m2 | 48 (±13) | 51 (±14) | 46 (±12) | <0.001 |
| Peak aortic velocity, m/s | 3.1 (±0.6) | 3.0 (±0.6) | 3.1 (±0.6) | 0.012 |
| Aortic mean pressure gradient, mmHg | 23.2 (±8.4) | 22.8 (±7.9) | 23.5 (±8.7) | 0.073 |
| Aortic valve area, cm2 | 1.21 (±0.15) | 1.20 (±0.15) | 1.23 (±0.15) | <0.001 |
| Aortic valve area indexed, cm2/m2 | 0.72 (±0.12) | 0.76 (±0.13) | 0.68 (±0.11) | <0.001 |
| DVI | 0.34 (±0.06) | 0.35 (±0.06) | 0.33 (±0.06) | <0.001 |
| Moderate or severe AR, % | 213 (11.2%) | 108 (11.9%) | 105 (10.7%) | 0.401 |
| Right ventricle | ||||
| TAPSE, mm | 21 (19-24) | 21 (19-24) | 21 (18-25) | 0.273 |
| PASP, mmHg | 33 (27-41) | 34 (28-42) | 33 (26-41) | 0.001 |
| Moderate or severe TR, % | 301 (16.0%) | 173 (19.1%) | 128 (13.1%) | <0.001 |
Notes. Values are presented as mean ± SD, median (IQR) or n (%).
AR, aortic regurgitation; DVI, dimensionless valve index; EDD, end-diastolic diameter; EDV, end-diastolic volume; ESV, end-systolic volume; LAVi, left atrial volume index; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MR, mitral regurgitation; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.