Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of the study population as per cardiac damage staging classification
| Variables | Stage 0 (n = 37; 10.9%) | Stage 1 (n = 43; 12.7%) | Stage 2 (n = 199; 58.9%) | Stage 3 (n = 38; 11.2%) | Stage 4 (n = 21; 6.2%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical | ||||||
| Age, y | 63 ± 15 | 63 ± 16 | 62 ± 14 | 75 ± 11 | 64 ± 15 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 25 (68) | 27 (63) | 144 (72) | 18 (47) | 15 (71) | 0.04 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.81 ± 0.20 | 1.79 ± 0.19 | 1.87 ± 0.22 | 1.67 ± 0.20 | 1.87 ± 0.22 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 24.3 ± 3.7 | 24.6 ± 4.0 | 23.0 ± 2.9 | 24.8 ± 3.6 | 0.19 |
| HR, beat/min | 72 ± 14 | 66 ± 13 | 72 ± 14 | 72 ± 14 | 72 ± 22 | 0.14 |
| SBP, mm Hg (n = 277) | 136 ± 14 | 133 ± 20 | 134 ± 19 | 126 ± 21 | 128 ± 20 | 0.08 |
| DBP, mm Hg (n = 277) | 79 ± 10 | 75 ± 9 | 77 ± 12 | 72 ± 13 | 78 ± 27 | 0.10 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 19 (53) | 20 (48) | 83 (43) | 22 (60) | 11 (52) | 0.33 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 4 (11) | 4 (9) | 18 (9) | 1 (3) | 1 (5) | 0.70 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 8 (22) | 11 (26) | 59 (30) | 13 (35) | 7 (33) | 0.74 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1 (3) | 3 (7) | 14 (7) | 2 (5) | 1 (5) | 0.96 |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 1 (3) | 2 (5) | 5 (3) | 5 (14) | 1 (5) | 0.04 |
| Smoking∗, n (%) | 13 (36) | 13 (31) | 53 (28) | 17 (49) | 8 (38) | 0.16 |
| COPD, n (%) | 4 (11) | 1 (2) | 14 (7) | 7 (20) | 1 (5) | 0.07 |
| History of MI, n (%) | 4 (11) | 1 (2) | 12 (6) | 5 (13) | 0 (0) | 0.17 |
| CAD, n (%) | 3 (8) | 3 (7) | 9 (5) | 7 (20) | 1 (5) | 0.03 |
| History of stroke/TIA, n (%) | 1 (3) | 2 (5) | 10 (5) | 3 (9) | 3 (14) | 0.36 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 48 (25) | 12 (32) | 8 (38) | - |
| NYHA, n (%) | 0.002 | |||||
| I | 26 (100) | 25 (78) | 88 (66) | 9 (75) | 14 (78) | |
| II | 0 (0) | 7 (22) | 45 (34) | 3 (25) | 4 (22) | |
| EuroSCORE II, % | 1.1 (0.7-1.9) | 1.1 (0.9-1.8) | 0.9 (0.6-1.4) | 2 (1.1-3.3) | 1.1 (0.8-1.7) | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||||
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 7 (19) | 9 (21) | 50 (26) | 10 (26) | 7 (33) | 0.79 |
| ACE/ARA II, n (%) | 19 (53) | 19 (45) | 84 (43) | 22 (60) | 9 (43) | 0.41 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Creatinine, μmol/L (n = 217) | 79 (69-88) | 79 (61-86) | 81 (74-94) | 87 (70-112) | 94 (72-103) | 0.10 |
| Renal clearance, ml/min (n = 217) | 80 (49-96) | 84 (62-105) | 80 (63-99) | 43 (32-66) | 80 (58-90) | <0.001 |
Notes. Continuous data are mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). Categorical data are n (%). Bold indicates statistical significance.
ACE = angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ARA II = angiotensin II receptor blockers, BMI = body mass index, BSA = body surface area, CAD = coronary artery disease, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, EuroSCORE II = European System of Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation, HR = heart rate, MI = myocardial infarction, NYHA = New York Heart Association functional class, SBP = systolic blood pressure, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
Smoking = current or history of smoking.