Table 2.

Correlation Matrix for Study Variables

	Measures	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21
1.	Externalizing behavior, age 5	—
2.	Internalizing behavior, age 5	.52*	—
3.	Externalizing behavior, age 3	.55*	.39*
4.	Internalizing behavior, age 3	.40*	.45*	.70*	—
5.	Collective efficacy	−.14*	−.13*	−.14*	−.16*	—
6.	Mother’s spanking	.25*	.10*	.21*	.10*	−.06*	—
7.	Maternal warmth	−.10*	−.06*	−.07*	−.10*	.11*	−.03*	—
8.	Maternal depression	.18*	.18*	.17*	.15*	−.08*	.09*	−.03*	—
9.	Child age	−.03*	.03*	.01*	.05*	−.03*	−.04*	−.04*	.01*	—
10.	Child sex	−.07*	−.03*	−.05*	−.03*	−.01*	−.07*	.03*	−.02*	.01*	—
11.	Mother’s age	−.13*	−.09*	−.12*	−.12*	.08*	−.14*	.13*	−.04*	−.06*	.00*	—
12.	Race/Ethinicity: White	−.04*	−.08*	−.07*	−.13*	.17*	.02*	.15*	.03*	−.17*	−.01*	.19*	—
13.	Race/Ethinicity: Black	.05*	−.06*	.05*	.05*	−.12*	.09*	−.14*	.03*	.09*	−.01*	−.14*	−.54*	—
14.	Race/Ethinicity: Hispanic	−.02*	.13*	−.01*	.06*	−.03*	−.12*	.03*	−.07*	.07*	.02*	−.04*	−.30*	−.57*	—
15.	Race/Ethinicity: Other	.00	.02	.02	.02	.00	−.02	−.03	.01	−.03	−.02	.04	−.09	−.18	−.10	—
16.	Education	−.15*	−.17*	−.15*	−.27*	.17*	−.02*	.18*	−.03*	−.12*	−.01*	.40*	.31*	−.13*	−.19*	.09*	—
17.	Relationship: Married	−.15*	−.10*	−.12*	−.14*	.16*	−.04*	.13*	−.07*	−.10*	−.01*	.30*	.28*	−.32*	.06*	.09*	.34*	—
18.	Relationship: Cohabiting	−.01*	.04*	.00*	.03*	−.04*	−.04*	−.01*	−.06*	−.01*	.03*	−.06*	−.06*	−.02*	.09*	−.01*	−.11*	−.26*	—
19.	Relationship: Neither	.15*	.07*	.11*	.11*	−.11*	.06*	−.12*	.10*	.10*	−.01*	−.24*	−.22*	.31*	−.12*	−.07*	−.24*	−.76*	−.44*	—
20.	Household income	−.13*	−.14*	−.14*	−.22*	.18*	−.01*	.14*	−.08*	−.10*	−.01*	.21*	.25*	−.19*	−.05*	.08*	.42*	.36*	.00*	−.33*	—
21.	Neighborhood income	−.11*	−.08*	−.13*	−.17*	.25*	−.05*	.07*	−.03*	−.06*	.00*	.18*	.35*	−.38*	.06*	.11*	.33*	.33*	−.06*	−.26*	.30*	—

Note:

^*p < .05 (or lower).