Table 3.
Early Gestational diabetes among South Asian women: Oral glucose tolerance test based studies
|
Ref.
|
Region study location
|
No. of women
|
Diagnostic criteria and study design
|
GDM women-n (prevalence %), GW, no of GDM women (% of total GDM women)
|
| Sharma et al[36], 2013 | Jammu, India hospital | 500 | WHO 1999; preceded by 75 g non fasting OCT if 2-h PG ≥ 7.8 mmol/L, 75 g OGTT; at first prenatal visit | GDM: n = 55 (10%); 16-20 wk, 10 (18.1%); 21-24 wk, 20 (36.3%); 25-28 wk, 10 (18.1%); 29-32 wk, 15 (27.2%) |
| Seshiah et al[31], 2008 | Chennai, Indian community | 12056 | WHO 1999; test at first prenatal visit; repeat at 24 GW and 32 GW | GDM: n = 1679 (13.9%); < 16 wk, 208 (12.4%); 17-23 wk, 280 (23.0%); ≥ 24 wk, 891.0%-64.6% |
| Dahiya et al[34], 2014 | Rohtak, India hospital | 500 | DIPSI; test < 16 GW, if negative repeat at 24-28 GW | GDM: n = 35 (7%); < 16 wk, 4 (11.4%); second trimester-34 (88.6%) |
| Veeraswamy et al[37], 2016 | Pan India study; peripheral clinic | 9282 | DIPSI; OGTT at first prenatal visit | GDM: n = 740 (8%); 1st trimester, 233 (31.5%); 2nd trimester, 320 (43.2%); 3rd trimester, 187(25.3%) |
| Neelakandan et al[30], 2014 | Tirucharapalli, India hospital | 1106 | IADPSG; if preceding by 50 g OCT 1-h PG ≥ 7.2 mmol/L; first prenatal visit | GDM: n = 258 (23.3%); ≤ 12 wk, 36 (13.9%); 13-18 wk, 43 (16.7%); 19-28 wk, 114 (44.1%); ≥ 28 wk, 65 (25.2%) |
| Bhatt et al[38], 2015 | Pune, India community | 989 | DIPSI with Capillary Glucose; OGTT any trimesters | GDM: n = 88 (8.9%); < 24 wk, 42 (47.9%); ≥ 24 wk, 46 (52.1%) |
| Anjalakshi et al[33], 2009 | Chennai, India hospital | 800 | WHO 1999-M; OGTT between 16-32 GW | GDM: n = 87 (10.89%); 16-20 wk, 7 (8%); 21-24 wk, 17 (19.5%); 25-28 wk, 49 (56.3%); 29-32 wk, 14 (16.1%) |
| Seshiah et al[32], 2007 | Chennai, India community | 4151 | WHO 1999-M; any trimester | GDM: n = 741 (17.9%); < 16 wk, 121 (16.3%); 17-23 wk, 166 (22.4%); ≥ 24 wk, 454 (61.27%) |
| Grewal et al[32], 2007 | Delhi, India hospital | 298 | Carpenter and Coustan criteria; OGTT before 12 GW; women with DIP, IFG, and IGT excluded | GDM: n = 40 (13.42%); < 12 wk, 24 (60%); 24-28 wk, 16 (40%) |
| Bahl et al[40], 2022 | Delhli, India community | 2244 | DIPSI; OGTT at first prenatal visit, repeat 24-28 wk, 34-36 wk | GDM: n = 430 (19.16%); 1st trimester, 112 (26.1%); 2nd and 3rd trimester, 318 (74%) |
| Punnose et al[39], 2023 | Delhi, India hospital based | 2638 | IADPSG; first trimester HbA1c, if < 48 mmol/L, OGTT at any trimester; if OGTT negative before 24 GW repeat after 24 GW, DIP excluded | GDM: n = 722 (27.37%); < 14 wk, 125 (17.3%); 14-23 wk, 130 (18%); ≥ 24 wk, 467 (64.68%) |
| Sudasinghe et al[43], 2016 | SriLanka community | 1533 | WHO-1999; initial screening in first trimester by 2-h post prandial PG ≥ 6.7-11.1 mmol/L OGTT at 16 GW, if negative repeat after 24 GW, DIP excluded | GDM: n = 169 (11.02%); < 16 wk, 19 (12.67%) |
| Jayawardane et al[41], 2018 | Sri Lanka hospital | Not given | WHO 1999 (2011-14) and DIPSI (2014-15), OGTT in any trimesters, DIP excluded | GDM: n = 435 (total number not available); 12-23 wk, 104 (23.9%); ≥ 24 wk, 331 (76.09%) |
| Mazumder et al[42], 2022 | Bangladesh community | 265 | IADPSG; OGTT in any trimester | GDM: n = 92 (34.71%); 1st trimester, 33 (35.87%); 2nd trimester, 36 (39.13%); 3rd trimester, 23 (25%) |
Values in bold indicate percentage of women diagnosed before 24 gestational weeks. GW: Gestational weeks; WHO: World Health Association; OCT: Oral glucose challenge; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; DIPSI: Diabetes In Pregnancy Study group of India; IADPSG: International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group; DIP: Diabetes in pregnancy; IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance; IFG: Impaired glucose tolerance; 1-h PG: Post Glucose load 1 h plasma glucose.