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. 2023 May 14;29(18):2733–2746. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i18.2733

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©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling pathways. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TNFR1: Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; TNFR2: Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2; TRADD: TNF receptor associated protein with death domain; FADD: FAS-associated death domain protein; cIAPS: Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis; MEKK: MAPK kinase kinas; JNK: N-terminal jun kinase; ASK1: Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; IKK: IκB kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor κB; RIP: Receptor-interacting protein kinase. Created with BioRender.com.