Table 3.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Ocimum basilicum and its constituents

Preparation	Part of Plant	Dose	Experimental design	Effect	Ref.
Essential oils	Leaves	315–500 μM	DPPH assay	Decreased MDA, increased thiol, SOD and CAT	(105)
Ethanolic E.	Leaves and seed	0.01–1 mg/mL	LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells	Prevented pathological inflammation, reduced NO	(106)
Rosmarinic acid	Leaves	0.250 and 0.500 mg/mL	Ovalbumin- induced asthma	Improved tracheal responsiveness	(56)
Estragole and linalool	Flowers and leaves	0.27–0.37 µg/mL	Alpha-Amylase and Lipase Enzymes-stimulated ISMD	PPA and PPL inhibitory activities	(107)
Ethanolic acid	Leaves	0.75, 1.50 and 3.00 mg/mL	Ovalbumin- induced asthma	Decreased tracheal responses and lung inflammatory cells	(36)
Rosmarinic Acid	Leaves	0.125, 0.250 and 0.500 mg/mL	Ovalbumin- induced asthma	Decreased tracheal responses and lung inflammatory cells	(108)
Essential oils	Whole plant	100 or 200 mg/kg	Pirin-induced gastric ulcer	prophylactic effects on aspirin-induced gastric ulcers	(109)
Ethanolic E.	Aerial parts	100, 300 and 500 mg/kg	Cisplatin-induced acute renal injury	Nephroprotective activity	(110)
Phenolic	Leaves	2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg	Carrageenan induced-paw inflammation	Decreased inflammatory reaction	(111)
Phenolic	Seed	Estragole and linalool (AgNO3: 5, 25 μM as 3.30, 4.37 μg/g DW)	CdCl2, AgNO3 and YE-incubated cells	Increasing pharmaceutical active ingredients	(112)

Ref.: Reference; EO: Essential Oil; PPA: Porcine pancreatic α-amylase; PPL: Lipase; CdCl₂: Cadmium chloride; AgNO₃: Silver nitrate; YE: Yeast extract; DPPH: (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay; ISMD: In silico molecular docking