Table 2.
Regression analysis of the effect of social capital and institutionalization on loneliness among older adults.
| Variable | Model 1 β (SE) | Model 2 β (SE) | Model 3 β (SE) | Model 4 β (SE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Structural social capital | ||||
| Social participation (ref: low) | ||||
| High | 0.788 (0.265)** | 0.658 (0.268)* | 0.599 (0.268)* | 1.028 (0.848) |
| Social support (ref: low) | ||||
| High | −1.120 (0.298)*** | −1.081 (0.295)*** | −0.913 (0.298)** | −1.247 (0.975) |
| Social connection (ref: low) | ||||
| High | −2.716 (0.487)*** | −2.394 (0.496)*** | −2.376 (0.494)*** | −4.134 (1.451)** |
| Cognitive social capital | ||||
| Trust (ref: low) | ||||
| High | −3.456 (0.326)*** | −3.143 (0.326)*** | −3.054 (0.326)*** | −4.613 (1.001)*** |
| Cohesion (ref: low) | ||||
| High | −2.112 (0.345)*** | −1.879 (0.344)*** | −1.765 (0.345)*** | 1.076 (1.065) |
| Reciprocity (ref: low) | ||||
| High | −1.117 (0.332)*** | −0.654 (0.338) | −0.651 (0.337) | −1.188 (1.077) |
| Age (ref: 60–69) | ||||
| 70–79 | −0.357 (0.322) | −0.413 (0.321) | −0.410 (0.325) | |
| 80- | 0.418 (0.394) | 0.172 (0.400) | 0.178 (0.409) | |
| Sex (ref: male) | ||||
| Female | −0.108 (0.266) | −0.116 (0.265) | −0.090 (0.266) | |
| Education (ref: primary or below) | ||||
| Middle | 1.197 (0.340)*** | 1.246 (0.339)*** | 1.273 (0.340)*** | |
| High or above | 0.852 (0.387)* | 0.820 (0.386)* | 0.787 (0.387)* | |
| Marital status (ref: married) | ||||
| Others | 0.784 (0.311)* | 0.676 (0.312)* | 0.658 (0.312)* | |
| Monthly income (RMB) (ref: 0–2,999) | ||||
| 3,000–4,999 | −0.695 (0.343)* | −0.795 (0.343)* | −0.673 (0.346) | |
| 5,000–9,999 | −1.796 (0.427)*** | −1.678 (0.427)*** | −1.608 (0.428)*** | |
| 10,000- | −1.381 (0.567)* | −1.112 (0.571) | −1.002 (0.574) | |
| Number of children (ref: no) | ||||
| 1–2 | 0.379 (0.980) | 0.320 (0.977) | 0.129 (0.980) | |
| 3- | 1.311 (1.031) | 1.414 (1.027) | 1.182 (1.031) | |
| Having chronic diseases (ref: no) | ||||
| Yes | 0.088 (0.323) | −0.028 (0.324) | 0.055 (0.326) | |
| Place of residence (ref: living in community dwellings) | ||||
| Living in nursing homes | 0.992 (0.312)** | 1.173 (0.567)* | ||
| Interactions | ||||
| Social participation*institution | −0.320 (0.528) | |||
| Social support*institution | 0.208 (0.598) | |||
| Social connection*institution | 1.423 (1.067) | |||
| Trust *institution | 1.103 (0.667) | |||
| Cohesion*institution | −1.999 (0.697)** | |||
| Reciprocity*institution | 0.358 (0.669) | |||
| R 2 | 0.318 | 0.348 | 0.353 | 0.359 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.315 | 0.339 | 0.344 | 0.346 |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Ref., reference group.