. 2023 May 19;11:1150310. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1150310

Table 3.

Regression analysis of social capital and loneliness among older adults living in community dwellings and nursing homes.

Variable	Older adults in community dwellings		Older adults in nursing homes
	Model 1 β (SE)	Model 2 β (SE)	Model 1 β (SE)	Model 2 β (SE)
Structural social capital
Social participation (ref: low)
High	0.778 (0.381)^*	0.671 (0.379)	0.546 (0.367)	0.351 (0.378)
Social support (ref: low)
High	−1.079 (0.443)^*	−0.953 (0.437)^*	−0.798 (0.407)	−0.805 (0.403)^*
Social connection (ref: low)
High	−2.890 (0.563)^***	−2.390 (0.573)^***	−1.625 (0.922)	−1.535 (0.943)
Cognitive social capital
Trust (ref: low)
High	−3.671 (0.421)^***	−3.283 (0.425)^***	−2.766 (0.513)^***	−2.212 (0.515)^***
Cohesion (ref: low)
High	−0.886 (0.460)	−0.941 (0.456)^*	−3.274 (0.523)^***	−2.982 (0.528)^***
Reciprocity (ref: low)
High	−0.962 (0.486)^*	−0.902 (0.482)	−0.904 (0.457)^*	−0.465 (0.473)
Age (ref: 60–69)
70–79		−0.761 (0.409)		0.702 (0.534)
80-		−1.248 (0.630)^*		1.868 (0.591)^**
Sex (ref: male)
Female		−0.633 (0.382)		0.393 (0.369)
Education (ref: primary or below)
Middle		0.964 (0.502)		1.660 (0.465)^***
High or above		0.368 (0.505)		0.754 (0.228)
Marital status (ref: married)
Others		1.628 (0.445)^***		−0.436 (0.455)
Monthly income (RMB) (ref: 0–2,999)
3,000–4,999		−1.663 (0.562)^**		0.197 (0.445)
5,000–9,999		−2.241 (0.564)^***		−0.715 (0.718)
10,000-		−1.785 (0.681)^**		1.237 (1.263)
Having children (ref: no)
1–2		−0.203 (1.395)		0.579 (1.355)
3-		0.199 (1.465)		2.160 (1.431)
Having chronic diseases (ref: no)
Yes		−0.049 (0.398)		0.862 (0.558)
R ²	0.279	0.323	0.245	0.294
Adjusted R²	0.272	0.303	0.238	0.274

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001. Ref., reference group.