Figure 4.

Simulation results summarized based on 5000 simulated trials under 9 fixed scenarios for each combination designs for finding multiple MTDs, including the product of independent beta probabilities escalation (PIPE) design²⁴ and the waterfall design²⁷. Four performance metrics are reported: (a) percentage of trials selecting at least one MTD; (b) percentage of trials selecting all MTDs; (c) percentage of patients allocated to the MTD; and (d) percentage of patients allocated to overdoses, where the overdose is defined as the dose combination that has a DLT probability greater than 33%. The percentage of selecting at least one overdose is provided in Figure S10 of Supplementary Materials.