Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants (n = 33).
| Participants’ primary role | Label | No. | |
| Community organiser | CO | 4 | |
| Former students1 | FS | 7 | |
| Education provider2 | EP | 11 | |
| Policymaker | POL | 4 | |
| Researcher | RES | 7 | |
| Total | 33 | ||
| Non-citizen type | Peninsular Malaysia | Sabah | Overall Malaysia |
| Overall—non-citizens | 5 | ||
| Refugees | 15 | ||
| Stateless | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| Migrant3 | 3 | 1 | |
| Total | 18 | 7 | 8 |
1All the former students interviewed were adult refugees. Of the 7 interviewed, 3 were also education providers.
2 Of the 11 education providers interviewed, 7 also identified themselves as community organisers.