Table 1.
Summary of characteristics of included studies.
| Study (design) | Country | Participant age (mean ± SD) | Setting | Intervention type | Comparator | Post-thrombotic syndrome | Venous thromboembolism† | Follow-up time (mean mo) | Total participants allocated | Intervention group participants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATTRACT[28] (RCT) | Canada and USA | 51 ± 14 (experimental), 51 ± 13 (comparator) | Hospital* | Stenting, angioplasty, thrombolysis and thrombectomy | Anticoagulation, compression stockings and clinical care | MD −0.57 (95% CI −0.60 to −0.54), VCSS | RR 1.48 (95% CI 0.95 to 2.31) | 24 | 692 | Stenting 82/297 (28%); angioplasty: 184/297 (62%); thrombectomy: 183/297 (62%) |
| Cakir[29] (RCT) | Turkey | 53, range 34–79 (experimental), 59, range 30–83 (comparator) | Hospital* | Stenting, angioplasty, and thrombectomy | Anticoagulation, compression stockings and clinical care | NR | RR 0.25 (95% CI 0.03 to 2.05) | 12 | 42 | Stenting 14/21 (66%); angioplasty 19/21 (90%); thrombectomy 21/21 (100%) |
| CAVA[30] (RCT) | Netherlands | 51 ± 22.6 (experimental); 51.7 ± 20.3 (comparator) | Hospital* | Stenting, angioplasty, thrombolysis and thrombectomy | Anticoagulation | MD −0.90 (95% CI −2.09 to 0.29), Villalta score; RR 0.82 (95% CI 0.51 to 1.32), Villalta score dichotomous data‡ | RR 3.65 (95% CI 1.27 to 10.50), recurrent DVT; RR 0.19 (95% CI 0.01 to 3.99), PE | 10 | 184 | Stenting 35/77 (45%); stenting or angioplasty 42/77 (55%); thrombolysis 77/77 (100%) |
| Jiang[31] (RCT) | China | 50.85 ± 1.95 | Hospital* | Stenting, angioplasty and thrombolysis, compression stockings and clinical care | Anticoagulation, thrombolysis, compression stockings and clinical care | MD −2.78 (95% CI −3.48 to −2.09) VCSS, MD −3.95 (95% CI −4.80 to −3.10), CEAP | NR | 24 (experimental), 18 (control) | 66 | Stenting 35/77 27/27 (100%); thrombolysis 27/27 (100%) |
| Meng[32] (RCT) | China | 46 ± 24 | Hospital* | Stenting, thrombolysis, IVCF | Thrombolysis, IVCF | MD −26.37 (95% CI −30.99 to −21.74), VCSS | NR | 24 | 74 | Stenting 45/45 (100%), thrombolysis 45/45 (100%) |
| Rossi[33] RCT | Brazil | 57 (range 26–77) | Hospital* | Stenting, venotonics, compression stockings, and Unna Boot plus elastic bandages for CEAP C6 participants | Venotonics, compression stockings, and Unna Boot plus elastic bandages for CEAP C6 participants | MD 2.73 (95% CI (−2.10 to 7.56), VCSS | NR | 6 | 22 | Stenting 7/7 (100%) |
| Zhang[34] (RCT) | China | Range 21–75 | Hospital* | Stenting and thrombolysis | Thrombolysis | MD −0.05 (95% CI −0.41 to 0.31), Villalta | RR 1.19 (95% CI 0.28 to 5.07), recurrent DVT | 24 | 376 | Stenting 7/7 (100%) |
CEAP = Clinical (C), Etiological (E), Anatomical (A), and Pathophysiological (P), CI = confidence interval, IVCF = inferior vena cava filter, MD = mean difference, NR = not reported, RCT = randomized controlled trial, RR = risk ratio, SD = standard deviation, VCSS = venous clinical severity score.
*
Hospital: includes operation theater, exclusive endovascular suite or hybrid surgical theater.
†
Including recurrent DVT and PE, fatal or non-fatal.
‡
Villalta dichotomous data was reported as the proportion of participants with more than 4 points.