Table 2.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, micronutrient deficiency, and their combination according to the body mass index by chi-square tests∗.
| Variables† | Total (n = 16,826) (%) | Overweight/obese (n = 4,768) (%) | Normal weight (n = 10,069) (%) | Chronic energy deficiency‡ (n = 1,989) (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MetS components (MetS) | |||||
| Abdominal obesity | 11.9 | 36.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Hyperglycemia | 20.3 | 29.6 | 16.9 | 13.6 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 32.9 | 46.3 | 28.1 | 23.2 | <0.001 |
| High triglycerides | 39.6 | 55.0 | 35.3 | 21.2 | <0.001 |
| Low HDL cholesterol | 70.3 | 79.3 | 67.7 | 60.8 | <0.001 |
| MetS (≥3 of the above factors) | 24.6 | 47.2 | 16.5 | 7.6 | <0.001 |
| Micronutrient deficiency (MnD) | |||||
| Anemia (yes) | 6.5 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 11.8 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin A deficiency (yes) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.368 |
| Iodine insufficiency (yes) | 23.8 | 20.2 | 24.8 | 28.6 | <0.001 |
| MnD (≥1 type) | 28.5 | 23.8 | 29.3 | 36.4 | <0.001 |
| MetS+MnD | 7.5 | 12.7 | 5.6 | 3.6 | <0.001 |
MetS: metabolic syndrome; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; MnD: micronutrient deficiency. ∗Values are weighted percentages (%). †Metabolic syndrome component variables with missing observation as follows: abdominal obesity (n = 254), hyperglycemia (n = 457), hypertension (n = 65), and high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol (n = 16). ‡Chronic energy deficiency (CED) also refers to being underweight and is defined as a body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2.