Table 4.
Factors associated with the different phenotypes of malnutrition among overweight/obese and chronic energy-deficient adults by multinomial logistic regression∗,†.
| Ow/Ob | CED | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MetS (n = 1,709) | MnD (n = 544) | MetS+MnD (n = 689) | MetS (n = 93) | MnD (n = 712) | MetS+MnD (n = 90) | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Female (ref = male) | 1.34 (1.14, 1.56) | 1.34 (1.02, 1.76) | 1.77 (1.37, 2.29) | 1.14 (0.65, 2.01) | 1.29 (1.01, 1.66) | 1.98 (1.00, 3.90) |
| Age group (ref = 20–39) | ||||||
| 40–59 years | 2.68 (2.21, 3.26) | 1.98 (1.57, 2.49) | 4.82 (3.67, 6.32) | 3.94 (1.74, 8.92) | 2.02 (1.52, 2.68) | 1.98 (0.67, 5.86) |
| ≥60 years | 3.05 (2.43, 3.83) | 1.64 (1.16, 2.32) | 5.41 (3.83, 7.65) | 14.25 (5.94, 34.19) | 5.64 (4.10, 7.77) | 10.20 (3.68, 28.29) |
| Educational levels | ||||||
| ≤Elementary (ref) | ||||||
| High school | 1.32 (1.12, 1.56) | 1.76 (1.34, 2.32) | 1.14 (0.90, 1.45) | 0.55 (0.28, 1.05) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) | 0.73 (0.42, 1.28) |
| ≥College | 1.40 (1.07, 1.81) | 1.67 (1.19, 2.33) | 1.19 (0.88, 1.60) | 0.31 (0.11, 0.89) | 0.74 (0.54, 1.02) | 0.11 (0.03, 0.42) |
| Marital status (ref = single) | ||||||
| Married | 1.77 (1.41, 2.23) | 2.39 (1.70, 3.37) | 2.09 (1.45, 3.00) | 0.65 (0.30, 1.42) | 0.45 (0.34, 0.60) | 0.50 (0.18, 1.34) |
| Others | 1.42 (1.05, 1.93) | 2.19 (1.38, 3.47) | 1.96 (1.31, 2.95) | 0.75 (0.28, 1.99) | 0.75 (0.52, 1.08) | 0.80 (0.29, 2.17) |
| Employment status (ref = employed) | ||||||
| Unemployed | 0.98 (0.83, 1.14) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.37) | 1.12 (0.90, 1.38) | 1.30 (0.71, 2.38) | 1.80 (1.44, 2.25) | 1.49 (0.79, 2.79) |
| Household size (ref = 1–3) | ||||||
| 4–6 | 0.96 (0.81, 1.12) | 0.77 (0.61, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.01) | 1.17 (0.70, 1.96) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.16) | 0.65 (0.37, 1.16) |
| ≥7 | 0.82 (0.66, 1.00) | 0.76 (0.57, 1.03) | 0.91 (0.69, 1.19) | 1.11 (0.58, 2.15) | 1.09 (0.83, 1.44) | 0.43 (0.19, 0.98) |
| Wealth quintile (ref = poorest) | ||||||
| Poor | 1.48 (1.10, 1.99) | 1.33 (0.96, 1.84) | 1.52 (1.04, 2.21) | 1.19 (0.69, 2.04) | 0.74 (0.56, 0.97) | 1.33 (0.71, 2.50) |
| Middle | 1.66 (1.24, 2.21) | 1.19 (0.82, 1.73) | 1.65 (1.12, 2.43) | 0.48 (0.25, 0.92) | 0.60 (0.45, 0.82) | 1.03 (0.53, 2.00) |
| Rich | 2.61 (1.93, 3.53) | 1.64 (1.14, 2.36) | 1.73 (1.15, 2.62) | 0.48 (0.23, 1.03) | 0.37 (0.26, 0.52) | 0.50 (0.19, 1.30) |
| Richest | 3.05 (2.19, 4.24) | 1.82 (1.25, 2.65) | 1.96 (1.28, 2.99) | 0.40 (0.14, 1.21) | 0.31 (0.21, 0.48) | 0.89 (0.31, 2.58) |
| Nonsmoker (ref = smoker) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) | 2.07 (1.50, 2.85) | 1.38 (0.97, 1.95) | 0.69 (0.43, 1.10) | 0.70 (0.56, 0.87) | 0.56 (0.33, 0.96) |
| Nondrinker (ref = drinker) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.13) | 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.31) | 1.00 (0.58, 1.72) | 1.66 (1.31, 2.10) | 1.37 (0.77, 2.42) |
| Low physical activity (ref = high) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.64, 1.73) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.14) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.46) |
Ow/Ob: overweight or obese; CED: chronic energy deficiency; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MnD: micronutrient deficiency. ∗Values are odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). If the 95% CI does not include 1.0, it means statistically significant. †All models were controlled for variables shown in the first column. Reference category: healthy and normal weight (n = 5685).