Table 3.

Genistein effects on lipids profile.

Study Design	Doses	Route of administration	Effects	Ref
HepG2 cells cultured	0, 0.01, 1.00, 10.00, and 50.00 µM	Expose	↑Total-cholesterol levels ↓HDL-C ↓Apo-A1 ↑Sterol regulatory element binding proteins-2)SREBP-2) at protein and mRNA levels ↑Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mRNA levels ↑3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) ↑Intracellular cholesterol synthesis ↓MRNA levels of (PPARγ) ↓X receptor of liver (LXRα) ↓LXRα and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) protein levels ↑Intracellular cholesterol levels ↑SREBP-2/LDLR/HMGCR pathway ↓PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1 pathway ↓Cholesterol plasma levels ↑Cholesterol absorption ↓Cholesterol efflux	[43]
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	1000 nM	Pretreated with genistein	↓Ox-LDL induced senescence ↓SA-β-gal activity and P16 and P21 protein ↑Autophagic flux ↑LC3-II, ↓p-P70S6K, p-mTOR, and P62 level	[44]
Rats	50 mg/kg	Gavaged	↓Triglyceride and HDL level more than LCG or LC ↓TNF-α, and IL-6	[45]
Rats	20 mg/kg	Gavage	↓Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) ↓TNF-α ↑Superoxide dismutase activity ↓Luteinization ↓Inflammatory cytokines	[46]
Rats	10 mg/kg/day	Expose	↓LDL cholesterol ↓Total cholesterol levels	[47]
Rats	600 mg/kg diet	In the diet	↑Plasma insulin level ↓HbA(1C) level ↑Glucokinase level ↓Hyperglycemia and Glucose-6-phosphatase	[48]
Rats	200 ppm	A 4-week feeding study	↓Serum cholesterol ↑Total and trabecular bone mineral density	[49]
Rats	10 mg/kg	Subcutaneous administration	↓Total cholesterol levels ↓Lipoprotein cholesterol levels ↑TT levels ↓Serum cholesterol levels ↑Serum triglycerides	[50]
Hamsters	2 g/kg	Diet	↓Hyperlipidemia ↓Triglyceride and LDL cholesterol ↓Malondialdehyde ↓Liver and plasma cholesterol ↑Hepatic LDL receptor ↑ α and β mRNA receptors of estrogen	[51]
Volunteers human	250 μmol/L	Was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide injection	↓Agonist-induced platelet aggregation ↓Collagen- and ADP-dependent platelet activation ↓Coronary atherosclerosis ↓Platelet activity	[52]
Human	0.5–2.5 microM	Subjects consuming	↓Lipid peroxidation of HDL ↑Conjugated dienes ↓Alterations of apoprotein structure	[53]
Women	90 mg/day	Supplement for 12 week	↓ Triglyceride levels ↓Total cholesterol ↓Ldl	[54]
Postmenopausal women	54 mg	PO for 24 month	↓Fasting glucose ↓HOMA-IR and insulin ↓Homocysteine and Fibrinogen	[55]
Postmenopausal women	60 mg/day	Genistein or placebo capsule	↓Total cholesterol, LDL-C, and TG levels ↑HDL-C levels ↑Expression of LDLR, LXRα, and ABCG1 ↓Cholesterol	[56]