Table 1.

Sample characteristics and descriptive statistics for social support variables and postpartum outcomes

	Percent
Race
White	71.9%
Black	18.1%
Other	10.0%
Ethnicity
Latinx	4.9%
Non-Latinx	94.5%
Education
No college	19.0%
College or graduate education	81.0%
Relationship status
Partnered	81.5%
Single, divorced, or widowed	18.5%
Parity
First pregnancy	56.9%
Prior pregnancies	43.1%
	Range	Mean (SD)
SES	−2.60–2.08	−.35 (.93)
Maternal age (years)	18.00–46.29	32.96 (4.49)
Pre-pandemic perceived social support	1-4	3.07 (.89)
Current pandemic perceived social support	6–42	35.94 (7.75)
Emotional social support	0–9	6.50 (2.51)
Practical social support	1–4	3.07 (.89)
Virtual interactions	1–4	3.04 (.84)
Postpartum depression (EPDS)	0–6	.59
Postpartum anxiety (GAD-7)	0–21	4.08
Impaired bonding (BIQ)	0–36	5.67

SES, socioeconnomoc status; EPDS, Edinburgh Depression Scale; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Scale-7; BIQ, Bonding Impairment Questionnaire. SES was a census-based neighborhood composite variable based on participant zip codes. The score was created from census-based geocoding of zip code–based variables (i.e., % residence in poverty, % married, median family income). The clinical cutoff for depression and anxiety scores was ≥10, and ≥12 was used for impaired bonding status. A total of 195 met screening criteria for postpartum depression; 78 met criteria for postpartum anxiety; 94 met criteria for impaired bonding