Table 2.
Baseline demographic characteristics, vital parameters, blood tests and medications in the entire cohort stratified by MAFLD presence and MAFLD age subgroup
| Variable | No MAFLD (n = 339) | MAFLD (n = 333) | p value | No MAFLD age 55–75 y (n = 114) | MAFLD age 55–75 y (n = 161) | p value | No MAFLD age > 75 y (n = 166) | MAFLD age > 75 y (n = 125) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender, n (%) | 172 (55.3) | 235 (70.6) | < 0.001 | 36 (31.6) | 37 (23.0) | 0.112 | 96 (57.8) | 52 (45.2) | 0.037 |
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 73.7 ± 15.1 | 68.5 ± 14.0 | < 0.001 | 65.9 ± 6.4 | 66.2 ± 5.7 | 0.875 | 84.8 ± 5.5 | 82.8 ± 4.9 | 0.002 |
| Comorbidities, % | |||||||||
| Obesity | 10.6 | 52.4 | < 0.001 | 18.6 | 60.5 | < 0.001 | 4.8 | 30.5 | < 0.001 |
| DM | 17.7 | 44.4 | < 0.001 | 19.3 | 47.8 | < 0.001 | 17.5 | 53 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 54.0 | 68.8 | < 0.001 | 42.1 | 72.7 | < 0.001 | 70.5 | 77.4 | 0.198 |
| IHD | 11.4 | 13.7 | 0.401 | 6.1 | 11 | 0.195 | 15.5 | 20.8 | 0.273 |
| Concomitant use of drugs, % | |||||||||
| NSAD | 3.5 | 2.4 | 0.391 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 0.659 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 0.755 |
| Corticosteroids | 15.4 | 9.9 | 0.035 | 21.1 | 8.7 | 0.003 | 13.9 | 15.7 | 0.675 |
| Furosemide | 21.9 | 20.7 | 0.723 | 11.4 | 9.9 | 0.697 | 33.1 | 43.5 | 0.078 |
| ACE-i | 20.9 | 27.0 | 0.069 | 14.9 | 28.6 | 0.008 | 28.3 | 29.6 | 0.820 |
| Beta-blockers | 26.4 | 34.5 | 0.025 | 20.2 | 28.6 | 0.114 | 35.5 | 53.9 | 0.002 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 19.3 | 28.8 | 0.005 | 13.2 | 31.1 | < 0.001 | 26.5 | 40 | 0.017 |
| DOAC | 7.1 | 6.0 | 0.583 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 0.939 | 11.4 | 13.9 | 0.538 |
| Statins | 22.5 | 26.1 | 0.276 | 18.4 | 28.6 | 0.053 | 28.9 | 33 | 0.460 |
| Physical parameters at admission (mean ± SD) | |||||||||
| SBP mmHg | 134 ± 23.0 | 135 ± 24.1 | 0.468 | 131.6 ± 19.4 | 133.3 ± 24.4 | 0.633 | 136.1 ± 24.0 | 137.5 ± 24.5 | 0.601 |
| DBP mmHg | 73.9 ± 12.3 | 74.7 ± 12.7 | 0.369 | 74.4 ± 11.2 | 74.9 ± 13.3 | 0.510 | 73.6 ± 12.4 | 74.1 ± 12.4 | 0.900 |
| HR bpm | 84.2 ± 17.0 | 86.3 ± 19.6 | 0.218 | 84.3 ± 18.3 | 85.0 ± 17.8 | 0.162 | 84.2 ± 16.0 | 86.9 ± 21.4 | 0.836 |
| SpO2% | 94.2 ± 4.5 | 91.9 ± 6.0 | < 0.001 | 93.8 ± 4.9 | 91.2 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 | 94.3 ± 4.3 | 93.3 ± 5.6 | 0.126 |
| BT °C | 36.7 ± 0.9 | 37.0 ± 1.1 | 0.013 | 36.8 ± 1.0 | 37.3 ± 1.2 | 0.034 | 36.6 ± 0.8 | 36.8 ± 1.0 | 0.435 |
| Laboratory blood tests at admission, (mean ± SD) | |||||||||
| Hb g/dL | 12.9 ± 2.0 | 12.9 ± 2.1 | 0.658 | 13.3 ± 1.9 | 13.7 ± 8.1 | 0.532 | 12.5 ± 2.0 | 12.3 ± 2.1 | 0.508 |
| WBC × 109/L | 9.1 ± 4.5 | 8.4 ± 4.2 | 0.087 | 8.8 ± 4.1 | 8.3 ± 4.6 | 0.198 | 9.3 ± 4.6 | 9.2 ± 4.2 | 0.974 |
| Neutrophils × 109/L | 7.5 ± 4.3 | 6.9 ± 4.0 | 0.073 | 7.6 ± 3.9 | 7.0 ± 4.1 | 0.132 | 7.6 ± 4.4 | 7.7 ± 4.2 | 0.832 |
| Lymphocytes × 109/L | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.870 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 0.527 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.683 |
| Platelets ·109/L | 230.0 ± 88.6 | 224.0 ± 98.9 | 0.159 | 231.5 ± 91.4 | 231.4 ± 103.1 | 0.686 | 229.2 ± 83.8 | 213.4 ± 90.8 | 0.077 |
| CRP mg/L | 102.0 ± 8.80 | 129.0 ± 1,4 | 0.006 | 107.8 ± 76.2 | 137.2 ± 188.2 | 0.377 | 96.5 ± 78.5 | 111.2 ± 95.5 | 0.154 |
| Glycemia mg/dL | 141.0 ± 64.1 | 144.0 ± 70.7 | 0.815 | 143.4 ± 72.3 | 134.1 ± 53.6 | 0.856 | 142.5 ± 59.0 | 163.0 ± 87.2 | 0.042 |
| Creatinine mg/dL | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.285 | 1.1 ± 0.35 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 0.490 | 1.46 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.382 |
| AST IU/L | 67.7 ± 209.0 | 50.3 ± 42.3 | 0.680 | 74.7 ± 30.5 | 55.2 ± 51.7 | 0.537 | 56.8 ± 77.0 | 46.4 ± 32.8 | 0.253 |
| ALT IU/L | 46.7 ± 125.0 | 43.1 ± 35.8 | 0.002 | 54.4 ± 18.4 | 44.8 ± 34.2 | 0.026 | 35.3 ± 37.2 | 35.8 ± 35.6 | 0.582 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 1.1 ± 2.7 | 0.002 | 0.8 ± 1.7 | 1.5 ± 4.0 | 0.004 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.181 |
| Albumin g/dL | 48.0 ± 5.00 | 54.0 ± 5.2 | 0.081 | 32.7 ± 5.6 | 32.6 ± 6.0 | 0.659 | 36.3 ± 21.2 | 33.1 ± 4.9 | 0.011 |
| CPK IU/L | 271.0 ± 1312.0 | 321.0 ± 620.0 | 0.125 | 148.8 ± 278.3 | 296.6 ± 538.0 | 0.002 | 380.5 ± 1812.9 | 246.8 ± 347.2 | 0.617 |
| Ferritin ng/mL | 1356.0 ± 2703.0 | 1248.0 ± 1383.0 | 0.278 | 1584.5 ± 2094.3 | 1382.4 ± 1528.3 | 0.815 | 872.3 ± 914.0 | 807.0 ± 930.2 | 0.282 |
| Blood gas analysis at admission, mean ± SD | |||||||||
| PaO2 mmHg | 66.4 ± 18.4 | 65.6 ± 17.7 | 0.366 | 68.5 ± 20.0 | 64.7 ± 15.0 | 0.093 | 65.3 ± 17.1 | 64.9 ± 22.9 | 0.238 |
| FiO2% | 40.7 ± 21.4 | 44.3 ± 19.4 | 0.003 | 43.9 ± 19.7 | 44.9 ± 18.7 | 0.560 | 38.5 ± 22.9 | 43.6 ± 22.3 | 0.013 |
| P/F ratio | 203.0 ± 94.4 | 189.0 ± 105.0 | 0.037 | 188.0 ± 80.7 | 185.8 ± 112.6 | 0.278 | 216.4 ± 102.8 | 198.6 ± 104.1 | 0.178 |
| Scores | |||||||||
| FIB-4, mean ± SD, points | 6.5 ± 54.0 | 4.5 ± 17.5 | 0.038 | 3.1 ± 4.2 | 3.6 ± 5.4 | 0.889 | 9.9 ± 74.7 | 7.0 ± 8.3 | 0.956 |
| Days of hospitalization, mean ± SD, days | 16.4 ± 11.9 | 18.8 ± 15.5 | 0.087 | 18.8 ± 13.8 | 21.8 ± 16.9 | 0.094 | 14.9 ± 10.8 | 16.0 ± 15.7 | 0.489 |
| Death, n (%) | 28.0 | 25.0 | 0.393 | 14.9 | 18.8 | 0.406 | 41.6 | 44.3 | 0.643 |
Numbers in bold represent statistical significance. ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BT body temperature, CRP C-reactive protein, CPK creatine phosphokinase, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DM diabetes mellitus, FIB-4 fibrosis-4, index for liver fibrosis, FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen, Hb hemoglobin, HR heart rate, ICU intensive care unit, IHD ischemic heart disease, MCV mean corpuscular volume, MAFLD metabolic-dysfunction associated fatty liver disease, PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation, SpO2 peripheral oxygen saturation, WBC white blood cells, y years