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. 2023 Jun 3;88(1):238–256. doi: 10.1007/s00426-023-01843-7

Table 2.

(A) Parameters relative to the concrete and abstract words included in the study

(A) All words Concrete words Abstract words p
Length (letters) 7.4 (1.5) 7.5 (1.4) 0.48
Familiarity 552 (63) 533 (39) 0.26
Concreteness 682 (16) 224 (45)  < 0.0001
Abstractness 109 (9) 553 (41)  < 0.0001
(B) Words in set 1 and 2 Set1 Set2 p
Length (letters) 7.3 (1.5) 7.6 (1.3) 0.41
Familiarity 541 (63) 544 (42) 0.87
Concreteness 452 (234) 453 (241) 0.92
Abstractness 330 (224) 332 (235) 0.84
(C) Definitions in set1 and 2 Set1 Set2 p
Length (syllables) 23.8 (6.5) 23.2 (6.5) 0.72
Word production 0.69 (0.24) 0.75 (0.21) 0.21
Word/definition association 5.58 (0.58) 5.48 (0.66) 0.51
Concreteness/Abstractness rating 3.90 (0.92) 3.99 (0.92) 0.56

Mean values (SD) relative to Length, Familiarity, Concreteness and Abstractness for the 20 concrete and 20 abstract words included in the study (based on Della Rosa et al., 2010). (B) Comparisons between words included in set 1 and 2. Mean values (SD) relative to Length, Familiarity, Concreteness and Abstractness ratings for the 10 concrete and 10 abstract words included in set1 and 2. (C) Comparisons between definitions included in set 1 and 2. Mean values (SD) relative to Length, Word production, Word/definition association, Concreteness/Abstractness ratings for the definitions included in set1 and 2. P-values relative to separate t tests comparing the two types of words and the two sets are also reported