. 2023 Mar 29;31(1):13–27. doi: 10.1007/s40199-023-00458-y

Table 1.

Effects of treatment on anthropometric, hemodynamic, biochemical, and histologic parameters in experimental groups

	Control	MS	MS + Dulaglutide	MS + Resveratrol
SBP (mmHg)	114.88 ± 3.94	159.38 ± 4.81^a	132.50 ± 3.82^a,b	121.38 ± 3.85^a,b,c
DBP (mmHg)	82.75 ± 2.60	108.00 ± 2.14^a	93.88 ± 3.56^a,b	86.38 ± 6.07^b,c
Heart rate (beat/min)	421.33 ± 3.98	354.17 ± 3.37^a	390.83 ± 3.82 ^a,b	385 ± 4.93^a,b
Length (cm)	16.80 ± .42	16.41 ± 0.38	17.74 ± 0.68^b	18.29 ± 0.56^b
BMI (g/cm²)	0.77 ± 0.03	1.01 ± 0.09	0.59 ± 0.06^a,b	0.59 ± 0.02^a,b
Mesenteric fat (gm)	2.12 ± 0.30	4.65 ± o.3^a	2.11 ± 0.18^b	2.26 ± 0.42^b
Peri-renal fat (gm)	2.58 ± 0.32	5.08 ± 0.21^a	2.96 ± 0.10^a,b	2.85 ± 0.29^b
Epididymal fat (gm)	3.02 ± 0.26	4.90 ± 0.37^a	2.90 ± 0.13^b	2.94 ± 0.32^b
Total fat (gm)	8.27 ± 0.64	14.26 ± 1.18^a	7.68 ± 0.28^b	7.91 ± 1.36^b
FBG (mg/dl)	70.88 ± 3.60	297.75 ± 7.21^a	96.00 ± 4.21^a,b	118.00 ± 1.69^a,b,c
Insulin (µU/ml)	3.16 ± .26	5.29 ± 1.03^a	3.07 ± .39^b	3.06 ± 0.10^b
HOMA-IR	0.56 ± 0.02	3.74 ± 0.07^a	0.79 ± 0.01^a,b	0.87 ± 0.03^a,b,c
ALT (U/L)	38.00 ± 0.89	52.00 ± 0.89^a	43.17 ± 1.47^a,b	42.00 ± 0.63^a,b
Adipocytes diameter	30.53 ± 1.37	130.24 ± 3.47^a	101.49 ± 2.39^a,b	90.4 ± 1.73^a,b,c
Liver PAS area%	31.85 ± 2.17	9.43 ± 0.68^a	18.16 ± 5.5^a,b	18.58 ± 1.7^a,b

ALT alanine transaminase enzyme, BMI body mass index, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FBG fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, MS Untreated metabolic syndrome group, PAS Periodic acid–Schiff and SBP systolic blood pressure

Data represent mean ± SD, using One-way ANOVA for comparisons of variables between groups, followed by post-hoc Tukey test for multiple inter-group comparisons. Significance difference at P-value < 0.05

^a Significant compared to control

^b Significant compared to MS group

^c Significant compared to MS + Dulaglutide group