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. 2023 Jun 2;13:8953. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-35085-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sample IVCM images of each class showing their different confocal microscopic features. (a) Acanthamoeba keratitis, showing acanthamoeba cyst (black arrows) and trophozoite (white arrows) along with inflammatory cells. (b) Fungal keratitis, showing fungal filaments (black arrows). (c) Healthy cornea, showing normal epithelium along with subepithelial nerves (white arrows). (d) Non-specific keratitis, showing hyper reflective structures mainly consisting of inflammatory cells.