Table 2.
Associations Between Odor Identification and Cognitive Domains, Stratified by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, Education, and Age Group, Odds Ratio (95% CI)a
| Orientation, OR (95% CI) | Episodic Memory, OR (95% CI) | Working Memory, OR (95% CI) | Visuospatial, OR (95% CI) | Executive Function, OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall, N=1,963 | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 1.20 (1.09–1.31)*** | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 1.23 (1.14–1.33)*** | 1.24 (1.16–1.33)*** |
| Gender | |||||
| Men, N=929 | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) | 1.27 (1.15–1.40)*** | 1.19 (1.09–1.30)*** |
| Women, N=1,034 | 1.25 (1.02–1.52)* | 1.33 (1.18–1.50)*** | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 1.17 (1.04–1.32)** | 1.32 (1.17–1.48)*** |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| White, N=1,420 | 1.06 (0.90–1.26) | 1.23 (1.10–1.38)*** | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 1.22 (1.11–1.34)*** | 1.23 (1.13–1.33)*** |
| Non-White, N=543 | 1.29 (1.04–1.60)* | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) | 1.11 (0.91–1.36) | 1.24 (1.10–1.40)*** | 1.35 (1.10–1.65)** |
| Education | |||||
| <HS/=HS, N=873 | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 1.17 (1.01–1.35)* | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 1.27 (1.10–1.46)** | 1.32 (1.18–1.47)*** |
| Some College or More, N=1,090 | 1.10 (0.91–1.34) | 1.21 (1.08–1.37)** | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) | 1.18 (1.06–1.31)** | 1.17 (1.06–1.30)** |
| Age Group | |||||
| 62–69, N=744 | 1.21 (0.84–1.73) | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 1.15 (0.98–1.35) | 1.29 (1.08–1.53)** |
| 70–79, N=770 | 1.24 (1.03–1.51)* | 1.21 (1.05–1.39)** | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 1.18 (1.06–1.32)** | 1.20 (1.05–1.37)** |
| 80–91, N=449 | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 1.44 (1.23–1.69)*** | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 1.38 (1.19–1.59)*** | 1.28 (1.14–1.44)*** |
***
p<.001;
**
p<.01;
*
p<.05
Note.
a
The purpose of this table is to examine whether the association between odor identification and each of the cognitive domains is modified by demographic factors. Thus, all the odds ratios in this table refer to the strength of the relationship between each of the cognitive domains (dependent variables) and odor identification.