Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| SN | Ref | Study | Country | Sample size | Sex (%Male) | Age (Years) | Sleep parameters | COVID19 | Risk of bias (NOS) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | [107] | Abdali et al., 2019 | Iran | 400 | 42.8 | 22.4 | SQ | No | Low | ||
| 2 | [64] | Abdulghani et al., 2012 | KSA | 491 | 37.5 | 24.4 | EDS | No | Low | ||
| 3 | [100] | Al Khani et al., 2019 | KSA | 200 | 76 | 20.8 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 4 | [92] | Al Otaibi et al., 2020 | KSA | 282 | 64.5 | 21 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 5 | [108] | Al Shammari et al., 2020 | KSA | 180 | 36 | NR | EDS | SQ | SD | No | Moderate |
| 6 | [109] | Al Sulami et al., 2019 | KSA | 702 | 41.6 | 21.34 | SQ | SD | No | Low | |
| 7 | [59] | Almojali et al., 2017 | KSA | 263 | 68.8 | 21.9 | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 8 | [110] | Alnomsi et al., 2018 | KSA | 169 | 48.5 | 22.9 | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 9 | [111] | AlQahtani et al., 2017 | KSA | 237 | 61.2 | 22 | EDS | No | Moderate | ||
| 10 | [60] | Alsaggaf et al., 2016 | KSA | 305 | 41.6 | 22 | EDS | SQ | SD | No | Moderate |
| 11 | [112] | Alshahrani et al., 2019 | KSA | 225 | NR | NR | EDS | SQ | No | Moderate | |
| 12 | [27] | Amiri et al., 2020 | Iran | 300 | 55 | 21.94 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 13 | [113] | Asiri et al., 2018 | KSA | 286 | 63.6 | 22.4 | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 14 | [114] | Atlam et al., 2020 | Egypt | 899 | 66 | 21.98 | EDS | No | Low | ||
| 15 | [115] | Attal et al., 2021 | Yemen | 240 | 41 | 23.3 | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 16 | [77] | Awasthi et al., 2020 | India | 221 | 23 | 20.24 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 17 | [116] | BaHammam et al., 2005 | KSA | 129 | 50 | 21.2 | EDS | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 18 | [117] | Belingheri et al., 2020 | Italy | 215 | NR | NR | EDS | No | Moderate | ||
| 19 | [95] | Bogati et al., 2020 | India | 350 | 57 | 21.97 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 20 | [118] | Brick et al., 2010 | USA | 314 | 42.4 | 27.8 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 21 | [74] | Brubaker et al., 2020 | USA | 287 | 49 | 24.8 | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 22 | [119] | Carpi et al., 2022 | Italy | 407 | 16.2 | 24.2 | SQ | SD | Yes | Low | |
| 23 | [120] | Chatterjee et al., 2021 | India | 224 | 46.42 | 21.085 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 24 | [97] | Chen et al., 2022 | China | 1227 | 48.4 | NR | SQ | Yes | Moderate | ||
| 25 | [121] | Christodoulou et al., 2021 | France | 177 | 36.2 | NR | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 26 | [122] | Copaja-Corzo et al., 2022 | Peru | 3139 | 38.9 | NR | SQ | Yes | Moderate | ||
| 27 | [123] | Correa et al., 2017 | Brazil | 372 | 37.1 | 21.3 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 28 | [124] | Dhamija et al., 2021 | India | 499 | 38 | 20 | SQ | Yes | Low | ||
| 29 | [97] | Ding et al., 2022 | China | 1524 | 40.9 | 19.9 | SQ | SD | Yes | Low | |
| 30 | [125] | Dudo et al., 2022 | Germany | 1103 | 35 | NR | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 31 | [62] | ElArab et al., 2014 | Egypt | 435 | 48.5 | 21.4 | EDS | No | Low | ||
| 32 | [126] | Eleftheriou et al., 2021 | Greece | 559 | 30.2 | NR | SQ | Yes | Moderate | ||
| 33 | [127] | Elwasify et al., 2016 | Egypt | 1182 | 32.3 | 21.4 | SQ | No | Low | ||
| 34 | [128] | Ergin et al., 2021 | Turkey | 127 | NR | NR | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 35 | [58] | Fawzy and Hamed 2017 | Egypt | 700 | 35.4 | 21.22 | SQ | SD | No | Low | |
| 36 | [129] | Feng et al., 2022 | China | 450 | 38.7 | NR | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 37 | [130] | Fernandes et al., 2022 | Brazil | 142 | 27.27 | 22.01 | SQ | Yes | Moderate | ||
| 38 | [131] | Fowler et al., 2022 | USA | 41 | 24.3 | 23.94 | SQ | SD | Yes | High | |
| 39 | [78] | Giri et al., 2013 | India | 150 | 40 | 22.4 | EDS | No | High | ||
| 40 | [57] | Gladius et al., 2018 | India | 203 | 40.4 | 21.3 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 41 | [132] | Gui et al., 2022 | China | 2646 | 44.4 | 20.13 | SQ | No | Low | ||
| 42 | [81] | Guo et al., 2022 | China | 72 | 43 | 23.9 | SQ | Yes | High | ||
| 43 | [133] | Gupta et al., 2020 | India | 222 | 68.5 | 20.73 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 44 | [134] | Ibrahim et al., 2017 | KSA | 576 | 35.8 | 21 | EDS | SQ | No | Moderate | |
| 45 | [135] | James et al., 2011 | Nigeria | 255 | 49 | 24.45 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 46 | [136] | Javaid et al., 2020 | Pakistan | 810 | 30.4 | 21.35 | EDS | SQ | SD | No | Low |
| 47 | [137] | Jniene et al., 2019 | Morocco | 294 | 38.8 | 20.6 | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 48 | [138] | Johnson et al., 2017 | USA | 307 | 35.8 | 26.4 | EDS | No | Moderate | ||
| 49 | [139] | Kalyani et al., 2017 | Iran | 278 | 34.9 | 19.88 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 50 | [86] | Kang and Chen et al., 2009 | China | 160 | 50.6 | 20.3 | EDS | SQ | SD | No | Moderate |
| 51 | [140] | Kawyannejad et al., 2019 | Iran | 321 | 39.9 | 22.03 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 52 | [141] | Khero et al., 2019 | Pakistan | 281 | 26.33 | NR | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 53 | [142] | Kumar et al., 2019 | India | 150 | 41.3 | NR | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 54 | [143] | Kumar et al., 2016 | India | 308 | 57.1 | 21.4 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 55 | [93] | Lamoria et al., 2020 | India | 170 | NR | 20.48 | SD | No | Moderate | ||
| 56 | [28] | Lawson et al., 2019 | Ghana | 153 | 45.8 | 23.1 | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 57 | [144] | Li et al., 2022 | China | 364 | 43 | 20.1 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 58 | [145] | Lima et al., 2002 | Brazil | 27 | 48.1 | 20.2 | SQ | SD | No | High | |
| 59 | [146] | Mahadule et al., 2022 | India | 101 | 71 | 20.18 | EDS | SQ | Yes | Moderate | |
| 60 | [147] | Maheshwari et al., 2019 | Pakistan | 797 | 33.37 | NR | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 61 | [98] | Mahgoub et al., 2022 | Sudan | 273 | NR | NR | SQ | Yes | Moderate | ||
| 62 | [148] | Mazar et al., 2021 | Israel | 87 | 41 | 25.86 | EDS | SQ | No | High | |
| 63 | [73] | Mazurkiewicz et al., 2012 | USA | 86 | 25.6 | 21.8 | SQ | No | High | ||
| 64 | [65] | Medeiros et al., 2001 | Brazil | 36 | 58 | 20.7 | SQ | SD | No | High | |
| 65 | [25] | Meer et al., 2022 | UAE | 96 | 21.9 | 20 | SQ | SD | No | High | |
| 66 | [149] | Meo et al., 2022 | KSA | 410 | NR | NR | SQ | SD | Yes | Moderate | |
| 67 | [75] | Mirghani et al., 2015 | Sudan | 140 | NR | NR | SD | No | Moderate | ||
| 68 | [150] | Mirghani et al., 2017 | Sudan | 140 | 27.9 | 22.8 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 69 | [151] | Mishra et al., 2022 | India | 284 | 40.5 | 20.6 | SQ | SD | Yes | Moderate | |
| 70 | [152] | Mohammadbeigi et al., 2016 | Iran | 363 | 30.3 | 21.8 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 71 | [76] | Mokros et al., 2017 | Poland | 140 | 50 | 21.3 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 72 | [79] | Nadeem et al., 2018 | Pakistan | 362 | 40 | 19.57 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 73 | [153] | Nsengimana et al., 2023 | Rwanda | 290 | 58.3 | 24 | SQ | Yes | Moderate | ||
| 74 | [154] | Olarte-Durand et al., 2021 | Peru | 310 | 37.7 | 21.6 | SQ | Yes | Moderate | ||
| 75 | [72] | Pagnin et al., 2014 | Brazil | 127 | 44.9 | 21.3 | EDS | SQ | No | Moderate | |
| 76 | [155] | Patil et al., 2019 | India | 463 | 38.2 | 19.55 | SQ | No | Low | ||
| 77 | [83] | Perotta et al., 2021 | Brazil | 1350 | 47.1 | 22.8 | EDS | SQ | No | Low | |
| 78 | [156] | Prashanth et al., 2015 | India | 503 | 48.1 | 21.8 | EDS | No | Low | ||
| 79 | [157] | Priya et al., 2017 | India | 307 | 76.5 | 20.5 | EDS | SQ | No | Moderate | |
| 80 | [158] | Ramamoorthy et al., 2014 | India | 121 | 53.7 | 21.8 | EDS | No | Moderate | ||
| 81 | [67] | Rasekhi et al., 2016 | Iran | 177 | 46.9 | 20.99 | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 82 | [159] | Rathi et al., 2018 | India | 160 | 55.6 | 20.93 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 83 | [160] | Rique et al., 2013 | Brazil | 221 | 55.7 | 22.3 | EDS | SQ | No | Moderate | |
| 84 | [161] | Riskawati et al., 2022 | Indonesia | 444 | 32 | 21 | EDS | SQ | No | Low | |
| 85 | [162] | Safhi et al., 2020 | KSA | 326 | 50.6 | 21.86 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 86 | [163] | Saguem et al., 2021 | Tunisia | 251 | 17.5 | NR | SQ | Yes | Moderate | ||
| 87 | [88] | Sahraian and Javadpour 2010 | Iran | 159 | 49.7 | 21.52 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 88 | [164] | Sarbazvatan et al., 2017 | Iran | 80 | 50 | 19.2 | SQ | SD | No | High | |
| 89 | [99] | Satti et al., 2019 | Pakistan | 219 | 43 | NR | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 90 | [165] | Saygin et al., 2016 | Turkey | 337 | 42.1 | 21.3 | EDS | SQ | SD | No | Moderate |
| 91 | [166] | Shadzi et al., 2020 | Iran | 402 | 49.7 | 22.4 | SQ | No | Low | ||
| 92 | [96] | Shafique et al., 2021 | Pakistan | 100 | 49 | 21.13 | SQ | Yes | Moderate | ||
| 93 | [167] | Shrestha et al., 2021 | Nepal | 168 | 64.29 | 21.57 | SQ | SD | Yes | Moderate | |
| 94 | [94] | Siddiqui et al., 2016 | KSA | 318 | 64.8 | 22.35 | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 95 | [89] | Soakin et al., 2019 | Georgia | 44 | 50 | 21.62 | EDS | No | High | ||
| 96 | [168] | Sun et al., 2019 | China | 5497 | 32.7 | 20.2 | SQ | No | Low | ||
| 97 | [169] | Sundas et al., 2020 | Nepal | 217 | 47.5 | 21.39 | SQ | SD | No | Moderate | |
| 98 | [170] | Surani et al., 2015 | Pakistan | 504 | 40.5 | 20 | EDS | SQ | No | Low | |
| 99 | [171] | Tahir et al., 2021 | Multiple | 2749 | 36 | NR | SQ | Yes | Moderate | ||
| 100 | [90] | Teimouri et al., 2021 | Iran | 290 | 40 | NR | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 101 | [172] | Thaipisuttikul et al., 2022 | Thailand | 165 | 58.2 | 20.77 | EDS | SQ | SD | No | Moderate |
| 102 | [173] | Wang et al., 2020 | China | 3738 | 41.52 | 18.8 | SQ | No | Low | ||
| 103 | [174] | Wang et al., 2016 | China | 6085 | 27.3 | 21.3 | SQ | SD | No | Low | |
| 104 | [61] | Waqas et al., 2015 | Pakistan | 263 | 43.7 | 21.1 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 105 | [175] | Wondie et al., 2021 | Ethiopia | 576 | 53.8 | 21.5 | SQ | No | Low | ||
| 106 | [176] | Xie et al., 2020 | China | 1026 | 36.4 | 21.375 | SQ | Yes | Low | ||
| 107 | [177] | Yazdi et al., 2016 | Iran | 285 | 47.4 | 22.8 | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 108 | [178] | Yeluri et al., 2021 | India | 398 | 49.1 | NR | SQ | No | Moderate | ||
| 109 | [84] | Zailinawati et al., 2009 | Malaysia | 792 | 41 | 20.8 | EDS | SD | No | Low | |
EDS, excessive daytime sleepiness measured using Epworth sleepiness scale; NOS, The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for rating nonrandomized research in meta-analyses; NR, not reported; SD, sleep duration measured in hours; SQ, sleep quality measured using Pittsburg sleep quality index