Table 2.
A meta-analysis of sleep problems in medical students
| Analysis | K | N | Random effects model | Heterogeneity | Moderators | Publication bias | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled results [95% CI] | Forest plot | I2 | τ | τ2 | H | Q | Cochran's Q P-valued | Age (Years) | Sex (%Male) | Egger's test | Peter's test | |||
| PSQI | ||||||||||||||
| All studies | 95 | 54894 | 55.64% [51.45%; 59.74%] | Figure 4 | 98.8% | 0.83 | 0.69 | 9.08 | 7757.02 | 0.001 | - | - | NS | NS |
| Iran | 11 | 3055 | 55.26% [47.01%; 63.23%] | Not shown | 93.1% | 0.45 | 0.2 | - | 145.29 | 0.001 | - | - | NS | NS |
| Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | 13 | 4242 | 54.94% [37.31%; 71.42%] | 98.7% | 1.13 | 1.28 | - | 925.43 | - | - | NS | NS | ||
| India | 14 | 3890 | 56.1% [45.49%; 66.17%] | 96.3% | 0.65 | 0.43 | - | 351.17 | - | - | NS | NS | ||
| United States of America | 4 | 728 | 61.57% [18.83%; 91.71%] | 97.6% | 1.23 | 1.51 | - | 124.2 | - | - | NS | NS | ||
| China | 11 | 22789 | 41.25% [31.55%; 51.68%] | 99.3% | 0.57 | 0.33 | - | 1335.79 | - | - | NS | NS | ||
| Brazil | 7 | 2275 | 56.67% [41.77%; 70.45%] | 93.5% | 0.52 | 0.27 | - | 92.78 | - | - | NS | NS | ||
| Pakistan | 8 | 3336 | 56.73% [41.15%; 71.08%] | 98.4% | 0.83 | 0.7 | - | 426.32 | - | - | NS | NS | ||
| Pre COVID-19 | 75 | 41322 | 53.83% [49.05%; 58.55%] | Figure Supplemental 4 | 98.5% | 0.75 | 0.57 | - | 4852.67 | 0.001 | - | - | NS | NS |
| During COVID-19 | 20 | 13572 | 62.11 % [53.51%; 70.01%] | 98.7% | 0.76 | 0.57 | - | 1422.64 | - | - | NS | NS | ||
| ESS | ||||||||||||||
| All studies | 28 | 10122 | 33.32% [26.52%; 40.91%] | Figure 5 | 96.2% | 0.59 | 0.34 | 5.13 | 709.37 | 0.001 | - | - | NS | NS |
| Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | 7 | 2148 | 40.64% [29.91%; 52.35%] | Not shown | 91.7% | 0.4 | 0.16 | - | 72.18 | 0.001 | - | - | NS | NS |
| India | 5 | 1082 | 28.56% [12.16%; 53.6%] | 96.3% | 0.89 | 0.79 | - | 108.65 | - | - | NS | NS | ||
| Pre COVID-19 | 27 | 10021 | 32.62% [25.79%; 40.27%] | Supplemental 7 | 96.3% | 0.58 | 0.34 | - | 695.54 | 0.011 | - | - | NS | NS |
| During COVID-19 | 1 | 101 | 54.46% [44.7%; 63.88%] | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | NS | NS | ||
| Sleep duration (SD) | ||||||||||||||
| All studies | 35 | 18052 | 6.44% [6.24%; 6.64%] | Figure 6 | 99.2% | 0.59 | 0.35 | 11.07 | 4168.9 | 0.001 | - | - | NS | NS |
| Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | 9 | 2762 | 5.85% [5.6%; 6.09%] | Not Shown | 95.3% | 0.35 | 0.12 | - | 171.69 | 0.001 | - | - | NS | NS |
| Pre COVID-19 | 29 | 15218 | 6.33% [6.14%; 6.52%] | Supplemental 10 | 98.7% | 0.5 | 0.25 | - | 2104.54 | 0.001 | - | - | NS | NS |
| During COVID-19 | 6 | 2834 | 6.97% [6.17%; 7.76%] | 99.7% | 0.99 | 0.98 | - | 1727.44 | - | - | NS | NS | ||
EES, Epworth sleepiness scale to measure excessive daytime sleepiness; NS, not significant; PSQI, Pittsburg sleep quality index to measure sleep quality; SD, sleep duration measured in hours