Table 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of conventional manufacturing techniques applied for developing biomedical products.

Conventional techniques	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
Freeze drying	(i) Suitable technique to develop interconnected pores (ii) Low temperature (iii) Distinct leaching is not necessary	(i) Irregular and small pores (ii) Time consuming process	[183]
Gas foaming	(i) Porous scaffolds (ii) Do not use organic solvents	(i) Pore geometry cannot be controlled (ii) Require excessive heat (iii) Non-interconnected pore structures	[184]
Electrospinning	(i) Controlled porosity, fiber diameter and pore size (ii) Micro- to nano-sized diameter scaffolds (iii) Highly porous scaffolds	(i) Use organic solvents (ii) Low mechanical strength (iii) Pore size is reduced with fiber thickness	[185], [186], [187]
Thermally induced phase separation	(i) Highly porous 3D scaffolds (ii) Excellent mechanical properties	(i) Small pores (<200 µm) (ii) Use of organic solvent, which are harmful to cells	[188]
Solvent casting	(i) Expensive equipment is not required (ii) Ease of fabrication	(i) Develop simple shape scaffolds only (ii) Use residual solvents	[189]
Solvent casting /particulate leaching	(i) Expensive equipment is not required (ii) Ease of fabrication	(i) Protein denaturation (ii) Lack of control on the interconnectivity of pores (iii) Only form simple shape scaffolds (iv) Residual solvent is harmful to cells	[190]
Powder forming	(i) Scaffolds with high porosity (ii) Tailorable pore size	(i) Use organic solvents	[191]
Sol-gel method	(i) Develop scaffolds by using different types of ceramics	(i) Low mechanical strength of scaffolds	[192]