Table 1.
Pooled prevalence of E. coli from water, screening methods, study year and sampling sites.
| Risk factors | Number of studies | Pooled estimates |
Measure of heterogeneity |
Publication bias |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samplesize | Number of isolates | I2 (95%CI) | Q Value | I2 | Q-P | Begg and Mazumdar rank P-value | ||
| Overall study | 17 | 2586 | 3438 | 71.7 (56.2–83.3) | 504.160 | 96.826 | 0.007 | 0.217 |
| River | 5 | 796 | 433 | 70.5 (28.8–93.4) | 204.337 | 98.042 | 0.336 | 0.071 |
| Wastewater | 4 | 234 | 168 | 84.5 (42.1–97.6) | 46.622 | 93.565 | 0.099 | 0.248 |
| Drinking water | 6 | 1383 | 647 | 61.9 (37.7–81.3) | 195.977 | 97.449 | 0.336 | 0.174 |
| Wastewater/river | 1 | 66 | 66 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Beach/canal | 1 | 107 | 73 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Study year | ||||||||
| 2000–2010 | 1 | 33 | 21 | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2010–2021 | 16 | 2553 | 3988 | 72.4 (56.4–84.2) | 496.859 | 96.981 | 0.008 | 0.343 |
| Diagnostic technique | ||||||||
| PCR | 6 | 629 | 576 | 95.3 (84.2–98.7) | 39.842 | 87.450 | 0.000 | 0.287 |
| Culture and | 10 | 1777 | 656 | 44.3 (28.9–60.9) | 251.565 | 96.422 | 0.505 | 0.076 |
| Biochemical test | ||||||||
| Colilert-18/Quanti-Tray | 1 | 180 | 165 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Countries | ||||||||
| South Africa | 7 | 693 | 934 | 94.0 (82.9–98.1) | 56.407 | 89.363 | 0.440 | |
| Ethopia | 3 | 220 | 187 | 45.0 (16.5–77.3) | 18.157 | 88.985 | 0.784 | 0.301 |
| Nigeria | 3 | 528 | 300 | 59.5 (39.9–76.5) | 34.516 | 94.206 | 0.341 | 0.301 |
| Tanzania | 1 | 155 | 155 | – | ||||
| Morocco | 1 | 152 | 48 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Kenya | 1 | 318 | 53 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ghana | 1 | 520 | 97 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Antibiotic test methods | ||||||||
| DDA | 11 | 1997 | 881 | 58.6 (39.5–75.4) | 421.833 | 97.629 | 0.883 | 0.218 |
| MIC | 5 | 495 | 483 | 98.6 (79.1–99.9) | 36.470 | 89.032 | 0.004 | 0.312 |
| VITEK® 2 AST card | 1 | 94 | 23 | – | – | – | – | – |
MIC: Minimal inhibitory concentration; DDM: Disk Diffusion Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction.