The social capital penalty paid by teetotallers

. 2023 May 24;23:101437. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101437

	Goes out socially when feels like it		Active in organization		Never lonely ^a		Close friends >= 5		Bridging score >= 3
	Extensive margin	Intensive marging	Extensive margin	Intensive margin	Extensive margin	Intensive mmargin	Extensive margin	Intensive margin	Extensive margin	Intensive margin
Does not drink (wave 5)	0.938		0.977		0.953		1.018		0.981
Does not drink (wave 5)	[0.793,1.109]		[0.860,1.109]		[0.835,1.088]		[0.897,1.157]		[0.841,1.144]
Drinks: 1–2 times a week (wave 5)		1.042		1.026		1.084		0.904		0.961
Drinks: 1–2 times a week (wave 5)		[0.878,1.236]		[0.917,1.148]		[0.965,1.217]		[0.812,1.007]		[0.846,1.091]
Drinks: 1–2 times a month (wave 5)		1.128		1.076		1.075		0.914		1.016
Drinks: 1–2 times a month (wave 5)		[0.910,1.399]		[0.935,1.239]		[0.929,1.245]		[0.796,1.048]		[0.863,1.196]
Drinks: Every 2 months or less (wave 5)		0.869		1.032		0.995		0.834^e*		0.985
Drinks: Every 2 months or less (wave 5)		[0.699,1.080]		[0.887,1.200]		[0.852,1.163]		[0.718,0.968]		[0.825,1.177]
Drinks: No (wave 5)		0.926		1.031		1.002		0.92		0.97
Drinks: No (wave 5)		[0.732,1.172]		[0.872,1.219]		[0.841,1.194]		[0.780,1.085]		[0.796,1.182]
Lagged outcome	5.384***	5.369***	4.373***	4.365***			4.925***	4.900***	4.207***	4.218***
Lagged outcome	[4.808,6.029]	[4.793,6.013]	[4.084,4.683]	[4.076,4.675]			[4.605,5.267]	[4.581,5.241]	[3.881,4.560]	[3.891,4.572]
Education:Other	1.224	1.219	1.220^e*	1.221^e*	0.946	0.947	0.943	0.942	0.998	0.998
Education:Other	[0.991,1.512]	[0.987,1.505]	[1.038,1.434]	[1.039,1.435]	[0.798,1.121]	[0.799,1.122]	[0.800,1.111]	[0.799,1.110]	[0.799,1.247]	[0.799,1.247]
Education:GCSE	1.386**	1.381**	1.668***	1.663***	1.067	1.065	1.002	0.994	1.181	1.179
Education:GCSE	[1.147,1.675]	[1.143,1.670]	[1.440,1.932]	[1.436,1.926]	[0.917,1.240]	[0.916,1.239]	[0.865,1.162]	[0.858,1.152]	[0.969,1.439]	[0.967,1.437]
Education:A-Level	1.308*	1.290^e*	2.005***	1.987***	1.079	1.071	1.063	1.048	1.319*	1.314*
Education:A-Level	[1.076,1.589]	[1.061,1.568]	[1.726,2.329]	[1.711,2.309]	[0.925,1.259]	[0.918,1.249]	[0.915,1.234]	[0.902,1.218]	[1.080,1.610]	[1.076,1.604]
Education:Degree	1.300*	1.276*	2.783***	2.749***	1.209^e*	1.194^e*	1.187^e*	1.165^e*	1.740***	1.731***
Education:Degree	[1.083,1.561]	[1.062,1.533]	[2.411,3.213]	[2.381,3.174]	[1.042,1.402]	[1.029,1.385]	[1.029,1.369]	[1.010,1.344]	[1.436,2.108]	[1.428,2.098]
HH Net income/100	1.004*	1.003^e*	1.002**	1.002*	1.001	1.001	1	1	1	1
HH Net income/100	[1.001,1.006]	[1.001,1.006]	[1.001,1.004]	[1.001,1.004]	[0.999,1.002]	[0.999,1.002]	[1.000,1.001]	[1.000,1.001]	[0.999,1.001]	[0.999,1.001]
Age	1.066***	1.064***	1.036***	1.035***	1.024*	1.022*	1.009	1.007	1.012	1.012
Age	[1.045,1.087]	[1.044,1.085]	[1.020,1.051]	[1.019,1.050]	[1.008,1.040]	[1.006,1.037]	[0.995,1.024]	[0.992,1.022]	[0.993,1.031]	[0.994,1.031]
Age^2	0.999***	0.999***	1.000*	1.000*	1	1	1	1	1.000*	1.000*
Age^2	[0.999,1.000]	[0.999,1.000]	[1.000,1.000]	[1.000,1.000]	[1.000,1.000]	[1.000,1.000]	[1.000,1.000]	[1.000,1.000]	[1.000,1.000]	[1.000,1.000]
Female	1.259***	1.304***	1.008	1.022	0.875**	0.892*	0.985	1.008	0.997	1.001
Female	[1.134,1.397]	[1.172,1.450]	[0.936,1.085]	[0.948,1.101]	[0.810,0.945]	[0.825,0.965]	[0.915,1.060]	[0.936,1.086]	[0.914,1.087]	[0.917,1.092]
Urban or rural area, derived	1.075	1.064	1.111^e*	1.107^e*	0.986	0.979	0.968	0.961	1.03	1.028
Urban or rural area, derived	[0.956,1.208]	[0.946,1.197]	[1.024,1.205]	[1.020,1.201]	[0.906,1.072]	[0.900,1.065]	[0.895,1.047]	[0.888,1.040]	[0.938,1.132]	[0.936,1.129]
SAH: Very good	1.008	1.016	1.066	1.068	0.924	0.927	1.071	1.074	1.097	1.097
SAH: Very good	[0.863,1.178]	[0.870,1.188]	[0.964,1.178]	[0.965,1.180]	[0.831,1.028]	[0.834,1.032]	[0.972,1.180]	[0.975,1.183]	[0.981,1.227]	[0.981,1.226]
SAH: Good	0.966	0.98	0.939	0.94	0.819**	0.821**	0.979	0.984	1.027	1.026
SAH: Good	[0.813,1.148]	[0.825,1.165]	[0.836,1.055]	[0.837,1.055]	[0.725,0.925]	[0.727,0.927]	[0.876,1.096]	[0.879,1.101]	[0.900,1.173]	[0.899,1.171]
SAH: Fair	0.962	0.982	0.907	0.909	0.732**	0.739**	1.115	1.123	1.1	1.096
SAH: Fair	[0.768,1.206]	[0.782,1.231]	[0.767,1.071]	[0.769,1.074]	[0.618,0.866]	[0.624,0.874]	[0.946,1.314]	[0.952,1.324]	[0.905,1.336]	[0.903,1.332]
SAH: Poor	0.866	0.885	0.743^e*	0.745^e*	0.666*	0.673*	0.943	0.953	1.028	1.027
SAH: Poor	[0.625,1.201]	[0.638,1.228]	[0.570,0.969]	[0.571,0.971]	[0.508,0.873]	[0.513,0.882]	[0.728,1.221]	[0.736,1.235]	[0.746,1.419]	[0.744,1.418]
Widowed	1.049	1.053	1.087	1.09	0.264***	0.266***	0.692***	0.699***	1.043	1.045
Widowed	[0.845,1.301]	[0.848,1.307]	[0.924,1.280]	[0.926,1.283]	[0.223,0.313]	[0.225,0.314]	[0.588,0.815]	[0.593,0.823]	[0.842,1.293]	[0.843,1.296]
Separated/Divorced	0.846^e*	0.853	0.781***	0.784***	0.447***	0.451***	0.887^e*	0.897	1.005	1.003
Separated/Divorced	[0.716,1.000]	[0.722,1.008]	[0.690,0.884]	[0.692,0.887]	[0.395,0.506]	[0.399,0.511]	[0.789,0.999]	[0.797,1.010]	[0.873,1.159]	[0.870,1.156]
Never Married	1.019	1.025	0.847*	0.850*	0.537***	0.537***	1.041	1.047	1.057	1.06
Never Married	[0.863,1.202]	[0.869,1.209]	[0.754,0.951]	[0.756,0.955]	[0.478,0.603]	[0.478,0.603]	[0.930,1.166]	[0.935,1.172]	[0.927,1.207]	[0.929,1.210]
Christian	1.140^e*	1.149^e*	1.329***	1.335***	1.048	1.051	1.123*	1.131**	1.043	1.045
Christian	[1.022,1.272]	[1.029,1.282]	[1.231,1.435]	[1.236,1.441]	[0.968,1.133]	[0.971,1.137]	[1.042,1.210]	[1.050,1.219]	[0.954,1.139]	[0.956,1.143]
Muslim	1.051	1.03	1.057	1.056	1.301	1.284	1.174	1.161	0.989	0.991
Muslim	[0.714,1.547]	[0.700,1.514]	[0.793,1.408]	[0.793,1.407]	[0.972,1.742]	[0.960,1.718]	[0.880,1.565]	[0.872,1.547]	[0.690,1.416]	[0.692,1.421]
Other religion	0.996	1.016	1.329*	1.346**	0.847	0.852	0.985	0.995	1.038	1.051
Other religion	[0.776,1.279]	[0.790,1.307]	[1.107,1.596]	[1.120,1.617]	[0.693,1.035]	[0.697,1.041]	[0.817,1.187]	[0.826,1.199]	[0.826,1.304]	[0.836,1.320]
Has child under 16	0.529***	0.536***	1.137*	1.142*	0.857**	0.863**	0.860**	0.869**	0.98	0.98
Has child under 16	[0.465,0.601]	[0.471,0.610]	[1.039,1.245]	[1.043,1.250]	[0.783,0.939]	[0.787,0.945]	[0.788,0.938]	[0.796,0.948]	[0.886,1.085]	[0.885,1.084]
Carer	0.914	0.924	1.041	1.041	0.978	0.98	1.017	1.022	1.136^e*	1.136^e*
Carer	[0.812,1.028]	[0.821,1.040]	[0.958,1.132]	[0.958,1.132]	[0.896,1.067]	[0.898,1.070]	[0.937,1.105]	[0.941,1.109]	[1.029,1.254]	[1.029,1.253]
Subjective wellbeing (GHQ)	0.967***	0.967***	1.001	1.001	0.911***	0.910***	0.988*	0.988*	1.007	1.007
Subjective wellbeing (GHQ)	[0.958,0.977]	[0.957,0.976]	[0.994,1.009]	[0.993,1.009]	[0.903,0.918]	[0.903,0.918]	[0.981,0.996]	[0.981,0.996]	[0.998,1.016]	[0.998,1.016]
Mixed race	1.143	1.143	1.043	1.047	1.006	1.005	0.775	0.781	2.952***	2.963***
Mixed race	[0.730,1.789]	[0.727,1.799]	[0.759,1.435]	[0.761,1.442]	[0.729,1.389]	[0.727,1.389]	[0.577,1.039]	[0.582,1.047]	[1.811,4.813]	[1.815,4.838]
Asian	1.616*	1.642*	0.877	0.88	0.683**	0.692**	0.848	0.857	1.476*	1.470*
Asian	[1.166,2.241]	[1.185,2.274]	[0.703,1.095]	[0.705,1.098]	[0.545,0.856]	[0.552,0.866]	[0.678,1.062]	[0.685,1.072]	[1.116,1.952]	[1.111,1.945]
Black	1.105	1.128	1.153	1.165	0.747^e*	0.761^e*	0.757^e*	0.772^e*	2.008***	2.003***
Black	[0.789,1.549]	[0.807,1.578]	[0.897,1.482]	[0.907,1.496]	[0.575,0.970]	[0.587,0.988]	[0.588,0.974]	[0.600,0.993]	[1.400,2.879]	[1.397,2.874]
Other	1.727	1.708	0.87	0.887	0.608	0.618	0.664	0.679	0.88	0.869
Other	[0.746,4.002]	[0.728,4.003]	[0.531,1.424]	[0.539,1.461]	[0.340,1.089]	[0.344,1.109]	[0.377,1.171]	[0.383,1.201]	[0.453,1.710]	[0.446,1.695]
In employment	0.946	0.935	0.764***	0.765***	1.033	1.032	0.860**	0.859**	1.086	1.087
In employment	[0.832,1.075]	[0.822,1.063]	[0.697,0.837]	[0.698,0.838]	[0.941,1.134]	[0.940,1.133]	[0.788,0.939]	[0.786,0.938]	[0.976,1.209]	[0.976,1.210]
SF-12 PCS	1.015***	1.014***	1.002	1.002	1.003	1.003	1.004	1.003	0.996	0.996
SF-12 PCS	[1.008,1.021]	[1.007,1.020]	[0.997,1.007]	[0.997,1.007]	[0.998,1.008]	[0.998,1.008]	[0.999,1.009]	[0.998,1.008]	[0.990,1.002]	[0.990,1.002]
Neighbourhood Social Cohesion	1.052***	1.050***	1.040***	1.040***	1.059***	1.058***	1.039***	1.038***	1.019^e*	1.019^e*
Neighbourhood Social Cohesion	[1.032,1.073]	[1.030,1.070]	[1.025,1.056]	[1.025,1.055]	[1.043,1.074]	[1.042,1.073]	[1.025,1.054]	[1.024,1.053]	[1.002,1.036]	[1.003,1.037]
Agreeableness	1.011	1.013	0.982	0.984	1.017	1.019	1.066**	1.069**	0.992	0.992
Agreeableness	[0.960,1.064]	[0.962,1.066]	[0.947,1.019]	[0.948,1.020]	[0.980,1.057]	[0.981,1.059]	[1.028,1.106]	[1.031,1.109]	[0.950,1.036]	[0.949,1.036]
Conscientiousness	1.012	1.013	0.993	0.993	1.049*	1.050*	1.018	1.019	0.968	0.969
Conscientiousness	[0.965,1.062]	[0.966,1.063]	[0.959,1.029]	[0.959,1.029]	[1.012,1.088]	[1.012,1.089]	[0.983,1.054]	[0.984,1.055]	[0.928,1.010]	[0.929,1.010]
Extraversion	1.228***	1.222***	1.051**	1.050**	1.080***	1.077***	1.148***	1.146***	1.014	1.014
Extraversion	[1.181,1.278]	[1.175,1.271]	[1.022,1.082]	[1.020,1.080]	[1.049,1.113]	[1.046,1.109]	[1.117,1.180]	[1.114,1.178]	[0.981,1.049]	[0.980,1.049]
Neuroticism	0.964	0.963	0.963*	0.962*	0.817***	0.817***	0.99	0.989	0.997	0.997
Neuroticism	[0.928,1.002]	[0.927,1.001]	[0.937,0.990]	[0.936,0.989]	[0.795,0.841]	[0.794,0.840]	[0.963,1.016]	[0.963,1.016]	[0.966,1.030]	[0.965,1.029]
Openness	0.955^e*	0.956^e*	1.077***	1.075***	0.963^e*	0.962^e*	1.022	1.021	1.137***	1.136***
Openness	[0.915,0.996]	[0.916,0.997]	[1.045,1.109]	[1.044,1.108]	[0.934,0.992]	[0.933,0.991]	[0.993,1.052]	[0.992,1.051]	[1.097,1.178]	[1.096,1.177]
North West	0.763	0.766	0.995	1.001	0.922	0.927	1.006	1.009	1.043	1.042
North West	[0.569,1.022]	[0.570,1.028]	[0.818,1.211]	[0.823,1.218]	[0.756,1.124]	[0.760,1.130]	[0.832,1.217]	[0.834,1.221]	[0.838,1.299]	[0.837,1.297]
Yorkshire and the Humber	0.769	0.777	1.053	1.06	0.969	0.973	1.022	1.024	1.07	1.073
Yorkshire and the Humber	[0.567,1.042]	[0.572,1.055]	[0.855,1.296]	[0.861,1.305]	[0.786,1.195]	[0.789,1.200]	[0.834,1.252]	[0.836,1.255]	[0.848,1.351]	[0.849,1.354]
East Midlands	0.784	0.791	0.928	0.932	0.847	0.854	0.981	0.986	1.172	1.169
East Midlands	[0.576,1.066]	[0.581,1.077]	[0.756,1.139]	[0.759,1.144]	[0.688,1.042]	[0.694,1.051]	[0.804,1.197]	[0.808,1.203]	[0.932,1.475]	[0.929,1.472]
West Midlands	0.754	0.761	1.024	1.028	0.873	0.881	0.916	0.918	1.214	1.208
West Midlands	[0.558,1.019]	[0.562,1.031]	[0.833,1.258]	[0.836,1.263]	[0.710,1.074]	[0.716,1.084]	[0.749,1.119]	[0.751,1.122]	[0.967,1.524]	[0.962,1.517]
East of England	0.934	0.949	1.091	1.098	0.872	0.883	1.037	1.044	1.432**	1.427**
East of England	[0.691,1.262]	[0.701,1.284]	[0.893,1.332]	[0.898,1.341]	[0.713,1.068]	[0.721,1.081]	[0.854,1.261]	[0.859,1.269]	[1.144,1.793]	[1.140,1.787]
London	0.823	0.83	1.114	1.119	0.977	0.985	1.274^e*	1.275^e*	1.694***	1.685***
London	[0.603,1.123]	[0.607,1.134]	[0.901,1.377]	[0.905,1.384]	[0.789,1.211]	[0.795,1.220]	[1.037,1.567]	[1.038,1.567]	[1.330,2.158]	[1.323,2.147]
South East	0.895	0.909	1.178	1.182	0.901	0.908	1.098	1.102	1.217	1.213
South East	[0.672,1.191]	[0.681,1.212]	[0.973,1.427]	[0.976,1.432]	[0.744,1.092]	[0.750,1.101]	[0.910,1.324]	[0.913,1.329]	[0.983,1.505]	[0.980,1.502]
South West	0.631**	0.637*	1.191	1.197	1.013	1.024	1.053	1.056	1.22	1.216
South West	[0.472,0.845]	[0.475,0.854]	[0.976,1.454]	[0.981,1.462]	[0.828,1.239]	[0.837,1.253]	[0.867,1.279]	[0.870,1.283]	[0.976,1.525]	[0.973,1.520]
Wales	0.819	0.835	1.047	1.055	0.912	0.923	1.107	1.12	0.855	0.856
Wales	[0.601,1.117]	[0.611,1.141]	[0.846,1.294]	[0.853,1.305]	[0.738,1.127]	[0.747,1.141]	[0.899,1.364]	[0.909,1.379]	[0.674,1.085]	[0.675,1.086]
Scotland	0.82	0.827	1.133	1.143	0.91	0.922	0.941	0.952	0.926	0.927
Scotland	[0.607,1.107]	[0.612,1.119]	[0.927,1.383]	[0.936,1.396]	[0.744,1.114]	[0.754,1.129]	[0.773,1.144]	[0.783,1.158]	[0.738,1.162]	[0.739,1.163]
Northern Ireland	0.825	0.828	1.011	1.018	1.325^e*	1.343^e*	0.918	0.933	0.992	0.987
Northern Ireland	[0.567,1.199]	[0.568,1.206]	[0.777,1.316]	[0.782,1.326]	[1.002,1.754]	[1.015,1.777]	[0.705,1.194]	[0.717,1.214]	[0.732,1.344]	[0.728,1.338]
Conservative/right-wing	0.908	0.907	1.232***	1.228***	1.031	1.027	0.978	0.974	0.953	0.952
Conservative/right-wing	[0.800,1.030]	[0.799,1.029]	[1.128,1.345]	[1.124,1.341]	[0.940,1.130]	[0.937,1.126]	[0.897,1.066]	[0.893,1.062]	[0.859,1.057]	[0.858,1.056]
Left/centre-left	0.863^e*	0.857^e*	1.199***	1.196***	0.935	0.931	1.143**	1.137*	1.023	1.023
Left/centre-left	[0.764,0.974]	[0.759,0.968]	[1.101,1.306]	[1.098,1.302]	[0.857,1.021]	[0.853,1.017]	[1.050,1.244]	[1.045,1.238]	[0.925,1.131]	[0.925,1.131]
Centrist	1.101	1.098	1.715***	1.710***	1.08	1.074	1.057	1.048	1.13	1.128
Centrist	[0.850,1.427]	[0.847,1.424]	[1.433,2.051]	[1.429,2.045]	[0.904,1.289]	[0.899,1.283]	[0.899,1.244]	[0.890,1.233]	[0.922,1.385]	[0.920,1.384]
Depression	0.865	0.868	0.979	0.979	0.680***	0.679***	0.884	0.884	1.299**	1.302**
Depression	[0.733,1.020]	[0.735,1.025]	[0.859,1.115]	[0.859,1.116]	[0.599,0.773]	[0.597,0.772]	[0.778,1.005]	[0.777,1.006]	[1.117,1.512]	[1.119,1.514]
Smoker	0.974	0.99	0.726***	0.726***	0.804***	0.805***	0.893^e*	0.894^e*	1.044	1.042
Smoker	[0.849,1.118]	[0.862,1.136]	[0.654,0.806]	[0.653,0.806]	[0.727,0.890]	[0.727,0.892]	[0.808,0.988]	[0.808,0.989]	[0.927,1.174]	[0.926,1.173]
N	17820	17813	17321	17314	17538	17531	17264	17258	12544	12540

Note: e* p < 0.05, *p < 0.01, **p < 0.002, ***p < 0.0002. The adjusted Odds ratio associated with each variable are displayed. 95% confidence intervals are in brackets. Coefficients of main exposures are excluded but can be found in Table 3.