Table 1.
Summary of relevant observational studies and clinical trials of the efficacy/effectiveness of influenza vaccination on the prevention of cardiovascular events in older adults
| Author | Year of publication | Journal | Study design | Country | Follow-up | Specific-disease | Age (years) | Vaccination (yes) | Outcomes | Protective effect (Y/N) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chang et al | 2012 | The Journal of Infection | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | 12 m | / | 16,284 | ≥ 75 y | 8142 | CHF | Y |
| 2 | Chang et al. (a) | 2016 | Heart Rhythm | Case–control study | Taiwan | / | / | 56,870 | 70.9 ± 13.4 | 11,374 | AF | Y |
| 3 | Chang et al. (b) | 2016 | Scientific Reports | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | 1 y | Systemic lupus erythematosus | 10,125 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 1765 | CVD | N |
| 4 | Chen et al | 2013 | Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | 8 y | COPD | 25,609 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 3345 | CHF | Y |
| 5 | Chen et al | 2022 | Frontiers in Medicine | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | / | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6681 | ≥ 65 y | 3768 | Stroke | Y |
| 6 | Chiang et al | 2017 | American Heart Journal | Case–control study | Taiwan | 13 y | ILI | 160,726 | ≥ 65 y | 62,331 | MACE, MI, stoke | Y |
| 7 | Christiansen et al | 2019 | Intensive Care Medicine | Retrospective cohort study | Denmark | 1 y | / | 89,818 | ≥ 65 y | 34,871 | MI, stroke, CHF | Y |
| 8 | de Abajo et al | 2022 | Heart | Case–control study | Spain | / | / | 144,930 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 45,296 | MI | Y |
| 9 | Fang et al | 2016 | Acta Cardiologica Sinica | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | 12 y | Chronic kidney disease | 4406 | ≥ 65 y | 2254 | CHF | Y |
| 10 | Grau et al | 2005 | Stroke | Case–control study | Germany | 18 m | Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or TIA | 740 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 187 | Stroke | Y |
| 11 | Heffelfinger et al | 2006 | Human Vaccines | case–control study | USA | / | / | 1735 | ≥ 65 y | 1145 | MI | N |
| 12 | Hsu et al | 2016 | Medicine | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | 1 y | / | 202,058 | ≥ 65 y | 93,051 | MI | Y |
| 13 | Huang et al | 2013 | Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine | Prospective cohort study | Taiwan | 8 y | COPD | 29,178 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 6713 | IHD | Y |
| 14 | Hung et al | 2010 | Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America | Prospective cohort study | Hong Kong | 64 w | / | 36,636 | ≥ 65 y | 7292 (19.9%) received both PPV and TIV, 2076 (5.7%) received TIV alone, 1875 (5.1%) received PPV alone, and 25,393 (69.3%) were unvaccinated | Stroke, IHD, MI, CHF | Y |
| 15 | Ishigami et al | 2020 | American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation | Retrospective cohort study | USA | 1 y | With and without reduced kidney function | 91,520 | 75, 5 | 54,856 | ACS, CHF | Y |
| 16 | Kao et al | 2017 | Oncotarget | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | 8 y | Atrial fibrillation | 5068 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 2233 | Stroke | Y |
| 17 | Lavallée et al | 2002 | Stroke | Case–control study | France | / | / | 270 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 75 y) | 90 | Stroke | Y |
| 18 | Lavallée et al | 2014 | Neurology | Prospective cohort study | Multinational | / | / | 2497 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 75 y) | 1217 | MI, stroke | N |
| 19 | Lin et al | 2014 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | Case–control study | Taiwan | / | / | 3120 | ≥ 65 y | 2890 | Stroke | Y |
| 20 | Liu et al | 2017 | International Journal of Cardiology | Case–control study | Taiwan | 8 y | Atrial fibrillation | 6570 | 73, 39 | 2547 | Stroke | Y |
| 21 | Liu et al | 2012 | Preventive Medicine | Prospective cohort study | Taiwan | 4 y | Ischemic heart disease | 5048 | Non-vaccinated 75, 7 y vaccinated 74, 8 y | 2760 | CVD | Y |
| 22 | Meyers et al | 2004 | Heart Drug | Case–control study | USA | / | / | 534 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 303 | MI | N |
| 23 | Nichol et al | 2003 | The New England Journal of Medicine | Prospective cohort study | USA | 1 y | / | 146,328 | ≥ 65 y | 87,357 | CVD, IHD, CHF, stroke | Y |
| 24 | Nichol et al | 1994 | The New England Journal of Medicine | Retrospective cohort study | USA | / | / | 78,527 | ≥ 65 y | 41,418 | CHF | Y |
| 25 | Phrommintikul et al | 2011 | European Heart Journal | Prospective randomized open with blinded endpoint (PROBE) study | Thailand | 360 d | ACS | 439 | 66 y | 221 | MACE, ACS, CHF, stroke | Y |
| 26 | Piñol-Ripoll et al | 2008 | Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) | Case–control study | Spain | / | Chronic bronchitis and acute infections | 794 |
Cases: 73, 5 y Controls: 73, 2 |
431 | Stroke | N |
| 27 | Seo et al | 2014 | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics | Case–control study | Korea | / | Cardiopulmonary disease | 602 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 430 | IHD, CHF | Y |
| 28 | Siriwardena et al | 2010 | CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal de l’Association Medicale Canadienne | Case–control study | England and Wales | / | / | 78,706 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 15,575 | MI | Y |
| 29 | Siriwardena et al | 2014 | Vaccine | Case–control study | England and Wales | / | / | 94,022 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 7021 | Stroke | Y |
| 30 | Song et al | 2018 | PloS One | Prospective cohort study | Korea | 1 y | Cardiopulmonary disease | 2119 | 76 | 2119 (vaccined)/ 817(unvaccined) | Acute exacerbation of chronic heart disease | Y |
| 31 | Sung et al | 2014 | Vaccine | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | 12 y | COPD | 7722 | Subgroup analysis (≥ 65 y) | 3027 | ACS | Y |
| 32 | Wang et al | 2002 | Vaccine | Prospective cohort study | Taiwan | 12 m | Peritoneal dialysis patients | 2351 | ≥ 65 y | 1326 | CVD | Y |
| 33 | Wu et al | 2019 | PloS One | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | 5 y | / | 29,066 | ≥ 65 y | 4554 | CHF | Y |