Table 2.
Summary of relevant observational studies and clinical trials of the efficacy/effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination on the prevention of cardiovascular events in older adults
| Author | Year of publication | Journal | Study design | Country | Follow-up | Specific-disease | N | Age (years) | Vaccination (yes) | Outcomes | Protective effect (Y/N) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chang et al | 2012 | The Journal of Infection | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | 12 m | / | 16,284 | ≥ 75y | 8142 | CHF | Y |
| 2 | Hedlund et al | 2003 | Vaccine | Prospective cohort study | Sweden | 1 y | / | 259,627 | ≥ 65 y | 100,242 | CHF, MI | N |
| 3 | Hung et al | 2010 | Clinical Infectious Diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America | Prospective cohort | Hong Kong | 1, 2 y | 36,636 | PPV and TIV: 7292, IV alone: 2076, PPV alone: 1875 (5.1%), and unvaccinated 25,393 | IHD, CHF | N | ||
| 4 | Marra et al | 2020 | International Journal of Infectious Diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases | Meta-analysis | / | / | / | / | / | / | CVD, MI, IHD, CHF, and stroke | Y |
| 5 | Song et al | 2018 | PloS One | Prospective cohort study | Korea | 1 y | Cardiopulmonary disease | 2 119 | 76 | 2119 | Acute Exacerbation of chronic heart disease | N |