Table 1. Target species for training.

ID	English name	Binomial	Abbreviation	Similar species (similarity level)	Song type
1	Brown-eared Bulbul	Hypsipetes amaurotis	Hyam	–	Call
2	Japanese Bush Warbler	Cettia diphone	Cedi	–	Song
3	Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer montanus	Pamo	–	Call
4	Large-billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchos	Coma	Carrion Crow (E)	Call
5	Chinese Hwamei	Garrulax canorus	Gaca	Narcissus Flycatcher (E)	Song
6	Common Pheasant	Phasianus colchicus	Phco	–	Call
7	Meadow Bunting	Emberiza cioides	Emci	–	Song
8	Japanese Tit	Parus minor	Pami	Varied Tit (E)	Song
9	Lesser Cuckoo	Cuculus poliocephalus	Cupo	–	Song
10	Japanese White-eye	Zosterops japonicus	Zoja	–	Song
11	Carrion Crow	Corvus corone	Coco	Large-billed Crow (E)	Call
12	Oriental Greenfinch	Chloris sinica	Chsi	–	Song
13	Oriental Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus orientalis	Acor	–	Song
14	Eurasian Skylark	Alauda arvensis	Alar	–	Song
15	Japanese Wagtail	Motacilla grandis	Mogr	White Wagtail (D)	Song
16	Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica	Hiru	–	Call
17	White Wagtail	Motacilla alba	Moal	Japanese Wagtail (D)	Song
18	Oriental Turtle Dove	Streptopelia orientalis	Stor	–	Call
19	Grey Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea	Moci	–	Song
20	Varied Tit	Poecile varius	Pova	Japanese Tit (E)	Song
21	Japanese Green Woodpecker	Picus awokera	Piaw	–	Call
22	Common Cuckoo	Cuculus canorus	Cuca	–	Song
23	Asian Stubtail	Urosphena squameiceps	Ursq	–	Song
24	White-cheeked Starling	Spodiopsar cineraceus	Spci	–	Call
25	Narcissus Flycatcher	Ficedula narcissina	Fina	Chinese Hwamei (E)	Song
26	Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker	Dendrocopos kizuki	Deki	–	Call

Notes.

Bird vocalizations are mainly divided into songs and calls. Since data were collected during the breeding season, we used songs for singing birds and calls for non-singing birds. For species with multiple types of songs and calls, the most characteristic vocalization was selected based on expert opinion. Similarity level is set to two levels; (E) is easier and (D) is more difficult level.