Table 3.

Characteristics of Studies of Cognition Decline and Dementia Included in the Review

Study	Participation	Study Design	Geographic Region	Sample Size	EPVS Locations	EPVS Assessment	Rating Scale	Age (mean)	F/M	Type of Scanner MRI Sequence	Cognitive Evaluation Tool	Congnitive Domain
Hilal et al90	General population	Meta analysis	Germany	3575	BG and CSO and HP and MC	Count	The Rotterdam-Graz EPVS	68.3	1808/1767	NA, T1, T2, FLAIR	MMSE and G-factor	Visuomotor speed(BG) / memory domain (Hp)
Ding et al51	General population	Prospective cohort	USA	2612	BG and CSO	Count	>3 mm	74.6	1542	1.5T, T1, T2, FLAIR	Verbal memory, processing speed, and executive function	Information processing speed
Javierre-Petit et al20	General population	Prospective cohort	USA	654	Brain hemi-sphere	Count and shape	3-point scale	90.1	180/474	3T	MMSE	Visuospatial abilities, semantic memory
Zhu et al46	General population	Prospective cohort	France	1778	BG and CSO	Count	----	72.4	1081/691	1.5T, T1, T2,	MMSE and ISTet al DSM-IV criteria	Verbal fluency and psychomotor speed
Libecap et al45	General population	Cross-sectional	USA	110	CAO, BG, HP and MC	Counts	Numbers	/	46/64	3T, T1, FLAIR	MoCA	/
Hurford et al54	Patients with ischaemic stroke and TIA	Prospective cohort	UK	246	BG and CSO	Count	4 points	62	110/136	1.5T, T1, T2, FLAIR, T2*-GRE	NART and seven cognitive domains	None
Yao et al39	General population	Prospective cohort	France	1818	HP	Count	3 points	72.46	1112/706	1.5T, T1, T2, FLAIR	MMSE and IST, et al	None
Francesco et al53	Patients with ischaemic stroke and TIA	Retrospective cohort	Italy	430	BG and CSO	Count	4 points	64.7	154/276	NA, T1, T2, FLAIR	MMSE	NG
Philip et al55	Patients with lacunar stroke syndrome	Prospective cohort	UK	120	BG and CSO and MC	Count and volume	4 points	70	42/78	1.5T, T1, T2, FLAIR	Standardized tests	None
Passiak et al48	General population	Cross-sectionally	USA	327	BG	Count	/		134/193	1.5T, T1, T2, FLAIR	The California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition, the Biber Figure Learning Test, DKEFS Test, Letter-Number Switching Test	Multiple information processing and executive function performances
Joan et al49	Patients with hypertension	Prospective cohort	Spain	723	HP and MC	Count	/	64	355/368	1.5T, T1, T2, FLAIR	Dementia Rating Scale-2,
Matthew et al44	General population	Prospective cohort	Australia	414	BG and CSO	Count	/	79.8	218/196	3T, T1, T2, FLAIR	MMSE	Verbal reasoning (HP)
Sim J et al50	General population	Prospective cohort	Italy	109	HP	Count	5-point	65.2	52/57	3T, T1, T2, FLAIR, T2*-GRE	MMSE, ADAS-Cog, Montreal Cognitive Assessment	None
Ciampa et al63	Patients with AD cognitively unimpaired	Retrospective cohort	Switzerland	680	BG and CSO	Count	4 points	59.95	220/460	3T, T1-TFE, T2-FLAIR	/	/
Kim at al60	Patients with AD–related cognitive impairment	Retrospective cohort	Korea	144	BG and CSO	Count	4 points	73.35	88/56	3T, T1, T2, FLAIR	Clinical Dementia Rating Scale–Sum of Boxes score, MMSE, et al	/
Vilor-Tejedor et al62	Patients with AD cognitively unimpaired	Retrospective cohort	Spain	322	BG and CSO	Count	4 points	60.7	204/118	3T, T1, T2, FLAIR	/	/
Banerjee et al61	Patients with cognitive impairment	Prospective cohort	UK	226	BG and CSO	Count	4 points	72.1	128/98	3T, T1, T2, T2*GRE, FLAIR	NINCDS-ADRDA	/

Notes: Seven cognitive domains: current intellectual functioning, verbal and visual memory, nominal, perceptual, frontal executive and speed and attention functions.

Abbreviations: CSO, centrum semiovale; BG, basal ganglia; HP, hippocampus; MC, mesencephalon; CAA, cerebral amyloid angiopathy; HA, hypertensive arteriopathy; ICH, Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; G-factor, general fluid cognitive ability factor; IST, the Isaacs Set; NART, National Adult Reading Test; ADAS-Cog, The Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale; PD, Parkinson disease; ET, essential tremor; TIA, transient ischemic attack; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease.