Table 2.
Associations of Tap Water Safety, Bottled Water Safety, and Tap Water Taste Perception With Daily Intake of Tap Water, Bottled Water, Total Plain Water, and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Among U.S. Adults Aged ≥18 years Participating in the SummerStyles Survey, 2018.
| Beverage Intake, Weighted %a |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tap Water |
Bottled Water |
Total Plain Waterb |
SSBc |
|||||||||
| Perceptions | ≤1 cup/day | >1 cup/day | P valued | ≤1 cup/day | >1 cup/day | P valued | ≤3 cup/day | > cup/day | P valued | <1 Time/day | ≥1 Time/day | P valued |
| Total (N = 4041)e | 23.2 | 76.8 | 47.6 | 52.4 | 21.5 | 78.5 | 75.4 | 24.6 | ||||
| Local tap water perception “My local tap water at home is safe to drink” | ||||||||||||
| All Adults | <.0001 | <.0001 | .72 | .01 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 38.3 | 61.7 | 30.3 | 69.7 | 20.0 | 80.0 | 72.2 | 27.8 | ||||
| Neutral | 34.4 | 65.6 | 31.4 | 68.6 | 22.0 | 78.0 | 71.6 | 28.4 | ||||
| Agree | 16.0 | 84.0 | 56.8 | 43.2 | 21.7 | 78.3 | 77.3 | 22.7 | ||||
| NH White | <.0001 | <.0001 | .87 | .0003 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 42.1 | 57.9 | 34.2 | 65.8 | 23.3 | 76.7 | 74.2 | 25.8 | ||||
| Neutral | 34.8 | 65.2 | 37.3 | 62.7 | 25.0 | 75.0 | 68.8 | 31.2 | ||||
| Agree | 16.7 | 83.3 | 61.1 | 38.9 | 24.0 | 76.0 | 78.8 | 21.2 | ||||
| NH Black | <.0001 | .01 | .48 | .97 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 32.7 | 67.3 | 21.1 | 78.9 | 13.8 | 86.2 | 67.7 | 32.3 | ||||
| Neutral | 42.8 | 57.2 | 16.7 | 83.3 | 19.5 | 80.5 | 69.5 | 30.5 | ||||
| Agree | 16.5 | 83.5 | 33.6 | 66.4 | 14.0 | 86.0 | 68.4 | 31.6 | ||||
| Hispanic | <.0001 | .001 | .77 | .76 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 41.3 | 58.7 | 25.0 | 75.0 | 17.3 | 82.7 | 68.2 | 31.8 | ||||
| Neutral | 35.1 | 64.9 | 25.3 | 74.7 | 19.6 | 80.4 | 71.5 | 28.5 | ||||
| Agree | 15.0 | 85.0 | 46.2 | 53.8 | 15.9 | 84.1 | 73.4 | 26.6 | ||||
| NH Otherf | .32 | .0002 | .80 | .28 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 18.2 | 81.7 | 34.5 | 65.5 | 17.2 | 82.8 | 77.3 | 22.7 | ||||
| Neutral | 17.5 | 82.5 | 36.7 | 63.3 | 14.9 | 85.1 | 89.2 | 10.8 | ||||
| Agree | 10.7 | 89.3 | 64.6 | 35.4 | 19.1 | 80.9 | 82.2 | 17.8 | ||||
| Bottled water perception “bottled water is safer than tap water” | ||||||||||||
| All Adults | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 14.9 | 85.1 | 73.1 | 26.9 | 27.1 | 72.9 | 79.3 | 20.7 | ||||
| Neutral | 19.6 | 80.4 | 51.8 | 48.2 | 23.1 | 76.9 | 78.4 | 21.6 | ||||
| Agree | 31.3 | 68.7 | 29.1 | 70.9 | 16.6 | 83.4 | 70.3 | 29.7 | ||||
| NH White | <.0001 | <.0001 | .0004 | <.0001 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 15.3 | 84.7 | 77.1 | 22.9 | 28.4 | 71.6 | 81.7 | 18.3 | ||||
| Neutral | 18.2 | 81.8 | 56.7 | 43.3 | 25.2 | 74.8 | 78.1 | 21.9 | ||||
| Agree | 34.0 | 66.0 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 19.7 | 80.3 | 71.0 | 29.0 | ||||
| NH Black | .73 | <.0001 | .004 | .60 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 22.1 | 77.9 | 50.1 | 49.9 | 24.2 | 75.8 | 66.6 | 33.4 | ||||
| Neutral | 27.6 | 72.4 | 30.2 | 69.8 | 22.2 | 77.8 | 72.1 | 27.9 | ||||
| Agree | 28.6 | 71.4 | 17.3 | 82.6 | 8.6 | 91.4 | 66.5 | 33.5 | ||||
| Hispanic | .03 | .0003 | .43 | .07 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 11.5 | 88.5 | 55.1 | 44.9 | 21.7 | 78.3 | 72.4 | 27.6 | ||||
| Neutral | 26.2 | 73.8 | 43.4 | 56.6 | 18.5 | 81.5 | 79.3 | 20.7 | ||||
| Agree | 29.6 | 70.4 | 25.8 | 74.2 | 14.6 | 85.4 | 66.1 | 33.9 | ||||
| NH Otherf | .05 | <.0001 | .33 | .37 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 8.9 | 91.9 | 81.2 | 18.8 | 25.1 | 74.9 | 77.1 | 22.9 | ||||
| Neutral | 9.7 | 90.3 | 56.3 | 43.7 | 16.3 | 83.7 | 86.7 | 13.3 | ||||
| Agree | 21.2 | 78.8 | 29.9 | 70.1 | 14.9 | 85.1 | 82.7 | 17.3 | ||||
| Tap water taste perception “My local water tastes good” | ||||||||||||
| All Adults | <.0001 | <.0001 | .57 | .001 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 38.4 | 61.6 | 31.7 | 68.3 | 21.1 | 78.9 | 72.1 | 27.9 | ||||
| Neutral | 30.0 | 70.0 | 38.6 | 61.4 | 22.9 | 77.1 | 72.6 | 27.4 | ||||
| Agree | 12.3 | 87.7 | 59.7 | 40.3 | 21.0 | 79.0 | 78.4 | 21.6 | ||||
| NH White | <.0001 | <.0001 | .36 | .001 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 40.1 | 59.9 | 36.9 | 63.1 | 25.2 | 74.8 | 73.5 | 26.5 | ||||
| Neutral | 32.4 | 67.6 | 43.9 | 56.1 | 26.1 | 73.9 | 71.8 | 28.2 | ||||
| Agree | 12.8 | 87.2 | 63.8 | 36.2 | 23.1 | 76.9 | 79.4 | 20.6 | ||||
| NH Black | <.0001 | .01 | .05 | .39 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 39.4 | 60.6 | 17.7 | 82.3 | 17.0 | 83.0 | 65.4 | 34.6 | ||||
| Neutral | 37.4 | 62.6 | 23.0 | 77.0 | 21.5 | 78.5 | 66.0 | 34.0 | ||||
| Agree | 9.4 | 90.6 | 35.7 | 64.2 | 9.5 | 90.5 | 73.4 | 26.6 | ||||
| Hispanic | <.0001 | .004 | .67 | .89 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 43.4 | 56.6 | 26.8 | 73.2 | 18.9 | 81.1 | 72.3 | 27.7 | ||||
| Neutral | 23.9 | 76.1 | 31.6 | 68.4 | 14.1 | 85.9 | 69.7 | 30.3 | ||||
| Agree | 13.2 | 86.8 | 47.3 | 52.7 | 17.6 | 82.4 | 72.7 | 27.3 | ||||
| NH Otherf | .15 | <.0001 | .002 | .01 | ||||||||
| Disagree | 14.8 | 85.2 | 28.9 | 71.1 | 4.8 | 95.2 | 71.9 | 28.1 | ||||
| Neutral | 18.9 | 81.1 | 48.2 | 51.8 | 24.7 | 75.3 | 89.4 | 10.6 | ||||
| Agree | 8.4 | 91.6 | 72.3 | 27.7 | 20.8 | 79.2 | 86.0 | 14.0 | ||||
Abbreviations: NH: non-Hispanic, SSB: sugar-sweetened beverages.
a
Weighted percentage may not add up to 100% because of rounding.
b
Total plain water intake includes tap water and bottled water intake.
c
Included sodas, fruit drinks, sports or energy drinks, and other sugar-sweetened drinks (excluding 100% fruit juice, diet drinks, or artificially sweetened low-calorie drinks).
d
χ2 tests were used for each variable to examine differences across categories.
e
Unweighted sample size.
f
Includes other race and multi-races.