Table 4.
Indirect Effects of Community Features on Brain Tissue Volumes at Levels of Cardiometabolic Risk
| Cortical Volume | Hippocampal Volume | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Indirect Effect | Coeff. | Posterior SD | 95% Cis Lower | Upper |
Coeff. | Posterior SD | 95% CIs Lower | Upper |
| Toxic chemical releases risk ≥ 9: | ||||||
| 1 SD below mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.003 | (0.020) | −0.026 | 0.054 | −0.012 | (0.025) | −0.018 | 0.081 |
| Mean cardiometabolic risk | −0.027* | (0.018) | −0.071 | −0.003 | −0.017† | (0.018) | −0.065 | 0.006 |
| 1 SD above mean cardiometabolic risk | −0.030* | (0.018) | −0.075 | −0.005 | −0.020† | (0.021) | −0.073 | 0.009 |
| Homicide rate: | ||||||
| 1 SD below mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.022 | (0.154) | −0.011 | 0.481 | 0.091 | (0.205) | −0.072 | 0.701 |
| Mean cardiometabolic risk | −0.192* | (0.136) | −0.539 | −0.012 | −0.117† | (0.138) | −0.486 | 0.038 |
| 1 SD above mean cardiometabolic risk | −0.426* | (0.352) | −1.359 | −0.022 | −0.351* | (0.378) | −1.415 | −0.002 |
| Concentrated disadvantage: | ||||||
| 1 SD below mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.001 | (0.009) | −0.015 | 0.022 | 0.005 | (0.011) | −0.010 | 0.034 |
| Mean cardiometabolic risk | −0.012* | (0.008) | −0.033 | −0.001 | −0.007† | (0.008) | −0.030 | 0.003 |
| 1 SD above mean cardiometabolic risk | −0.026* | (0.018) | −0.070 | −0.002 | −0.022* | (0.019) | −0.073 | 0.000 |
| Green space < 40%: | ||||||
| 1 SD below mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.000 | (0.002) | −0.004 | 0.003 | −0.001 | (0.002) | −0.005 | 0.002 |
| Mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.003** | (0.002) | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.002† | (0.002) | 0.000 | 0.007 |
| 1 SD above mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.006** | (0.004) | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.005* | (0.004) | 0.000 | 0.016 |
| Employment opportunities: | ||||||
| 1 SD below mean cardiometabolic risk | −0.001 | (0.011) | −0.027 | 0.018 | −0.007 | (0.013) | −0.041 | 0.013 |
| Mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.016** | (0.011) | 0.002 | 0.044 | 0.010† | (0.011) | −0.003 | 0.040 |
| 1 SD above mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.034** | (0.023) | 0.006 | 0.093 | 0.028* | (0.025) | 0.001 | 0.097 |
| Area resources ≥ 150: | ||||||
| 1 SD below mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.000 | (0.000) | −0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | (0.000) | −0.001 | 0.000 |
| Mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.001* | (0.000) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| 1 SD above mean cardiometabolic risk | 0.001* | (0.001) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001* | (0.001) | 0.000 | 0.003 |
N = 699.
***
p < .001
**
p < .01
*
p < .05
†
p < .10
Covariates included age, sex at birth, individual-level years of schooling, annual income, and self-identification as white/non-white as predictors of cardiometabolic risk and brain tissue volume. The covariate of intracranial volume was included as an additional predictor of tissue volume.