Table 1.
Characteristics of maternal and their offsprings according to pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG status in GDM women
| Variables | Underweight (n = 65) |
Normal weight (n = 481) |
Overweight/obese (n = 218) | p value | iGWG (n = 238) |
Adequate GWG (n = 329) | EGWG (n = 197) |
p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||||
| Maternal age (years)a | 29(26–31) | 30(27–34) | 31(28–35) | < 0.001 | 30(28–34) | 30(28–34) | 30(27–34) | 0.292 | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.3 ± 4.2 | 38.6 ± 2.5 | 38.6 ± 2.3 | 0.717 | 37.9 ± 2.9 | 38.8 ± 1.7 | 39 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)a | 17.88(17.45–18.17) | 21.26(19.95–22.48) | 25.79(24.83–27.94) | < 0.001 | 21.48(19.92–23.08) | 21.88(19.88–24.22) | 23.44(20.80-25.46) | < 0.001 | ||
| Primiparity, n (%) | 45(69.2) | 304(63.2) | 119(54.6) | 0.028 | 139(58.4) | 190(57.8) | 139(70.6) | 0.017 | ||
| Number of previous pregnancies, n (%) | 0.275 | 0.988 | ||||||||
| 0 time | 27(41.5) | 200(41.6) | 74(33.9) | 93(39.1) | 128(38.9) | 80(40.6) | ||||
| 1 time | 22(33.8) | 135(28.1) | 69(31.7) | 70(29.4) | 97(29.5) | 59(29.9) | ||||
| 2 times and above | 16(24.6) | 146(30.4) | 75(34.4) | 75(31.5) | 104(31.6) | 58(29.4) | ||||
| Number of previous births, n (%) | 0.164 | 0.027 | ||||||||
| 0 time | 45(69.2) | 304(63.2) | 119(54.6) | 139(58.4) | 190(57.8) | 139(70.6) | ||||
| 1 time | 18(27.7) | 167(34.7) | 93(42.7) | 92(38.7) | 131(39.8) | 55(27.9) | ||||
| 2 times and above | 2(3.1) | 10(2.1) | 6(2.8) | 7(2.9) | 8(2.4) | 3(1.5) | ||||
| GWG (kg)a | 13(10–16.25) | 13(10–15.75) | 10(7.5–14) | < 0.001 | 9(6–10) | 13(11–15) | 17(15–20) | < 0.001 | ||
| 75 g OGTT | ||||||||||
| FBG (mmol/l) | 4.67 ± 0.51 | 4.77 ± 0.52 | 4.90 ± 0.55 | < 0.001 | 4.69 ± 0.55 | 4.78 ± 0.52 | 4.95 ± 0.51 | < 0.001 | ||
| 1 h PBG (mmol/l) | 8.51 ± 1.56 | 8.64 ± 1.56 | 8.57 ± 1.62 | 0.849 | 8.66 ± 1.58 | 8.57 ± 1.59 | 8.59 ± 1.56 | 0.845 | ||
| 2 h PBG (mmol/l) | 7.44 ± 1.58 | 7.14 ± 1.61 | 7.19 ± 1.63 | 0.446 | 7.41 ± 1.72 | 7.05 ± 1.60 | 7.13 ± 1.46 | 0.055 | ||
| Implementation on doctors’ advices, n (%) | 47(72.3) | 341(70.9) | 157(72) | 0.939 | 168(70.6) | 239(72.6) | 138(70.1) | 0.779 | ||
| Newborn characteristics | ||||||||||
| Male, n (%) | 32(49.2) | 249(51.8) | 117(53.7) | 0.760 | 117(49.2) | 170(51.7) | 111(56.3) | 0.434 | ||
| Birth weight (g) | 3157 ± 607 | 3347 ± 507 | 3432 ± 598 | 0.002 | 3189 ± 619 | 3347 ± 481 | 3564 ± 491 | < 0.001 | ||
| Birth height (cm) | 49.24 ± 3.13 | 49.70 ± 2.23 | 49.66 ± 3.74 | 0.475 | 49.26 ± 3.29 | 49.63 ± 3.15 | 50.14 ± 0.88 | 0.006 | ||
| Apgar scores | 9.63 ± 0.77 | 9.87 ± 0.93 | 9.79 ± 0.77 | 0.227 | 9.67 ± 1.02 | 9.85 ± 1.02 | 9.99 ± 0.97 | 0.005 | ||
Abbreviations: BMI: pre-pregnancy body mass index; GWG: gestational weight gain; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; iGWG: inadequate GWG; EGWG: excessive GWG; OGTT, Oral glucose tolerance test; FBG, Fasting blood glucose; 1 h PBG, 1 h Postprandial blood glucose; 2 h PBG, 2 h Postprandial blood glucose
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median with interquartile range, while categorical variables were expressed as percentages
aNon-normal distribution of continuous variables