Table 3.
Maternal GWG and risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in GDM women
| Outcomes | iGWG | Adequate GWG | EGWG |
|---|---|---|---|
| PIH, n (%) | 5(2.1) | 18(5.5) | 22(10.1) |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.372(0.136–1.018) | 1(ref) | 1.952(1.006–3.789)* |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.215(0.055–0.835)* | 1(ref) | 1.669(0.801–3.476) |
| Preeclampsia, n (%) | 2(0.8) | 13(4) | 9(4.6) |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.206(0.046–0.922)* | 1(ref) | 1.164(0.488–2.774) |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.187(0.035–1.007) | 1(ref) | 1.051(0.408–2.708) |
| CS, n (%) | 87(36.6) | 164(49.8) | 113(57.4) |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.580(0.412–0.815)* | 1(ref) | 1.353(0.948–1.931) |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.612(0.421–0.889)* | 1(ref) | 1.279(0.860–1.903) |
| Preterm delivery, n (%) | 24(10.1) | 20(6.1) | 11(5.6) |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 1.749(0.942–3.247) | 1(ref) | 0.914(0.428–1.950) |
| Adjusted ORa (95%CI) | 2.261(1.089–4.692)* | 1(ref) | 1.215(0.520–2.838) |
| LGA, n (%) | 39(16.4) | 79(24) | 76(38.6) |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.620(0.405–0.950)* | 1(ref) | 1.988(1.356–2.914)* |
| Adjusted ORb (95%CI) | 0.657(0.421–1.026) | 1(ref) | 1.929(1.272–2.923)* |
| SGA, n (%) | 3(1.3) | 5(1.5) | 4(2) |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.827(0.196–3.496) | 1(ref) | 1.343(0.356–5.062) |
| Adjusted ORb (95%CI) | 0.680(0.120–3.845) | 1(ref) | 2.190(0.508–9.440) |
| Macrosomia, n (%) | 10(4.2) | 26(7.9) | 36(18.3) |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.524(0.248–1.109) | 1(ref) | 2.621(1.528–4.497)* |
| Adjusted ORc (95%CI) | 0.551(0.246–1.234) | 1(ref) | 2.753(1.519–4.989)* |
| Low birth weight, n (%) | 18(7.6) | 13(4) | 5(2.5) |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 2.041(0.979–4.254) | 1(ref) | 0.636(0.223–1.811) |
| Adjusted ORc (95%CI) | 1.863(0.500-6.937) | 1(ref) | 1.606(0.362–7.126) |
| Any pregnancy complication, n (%) | 122(51.3) | 208(63.2) | 141(71.6) |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.612(0.436–0.859)* | 1(ref) | 1.465(0.999–2.146) |
| Adjusted ORa (95%CI) | 0.628(0.435–0.907)* | 1(ref) | 1.548(1.006–2.382)* |
Abbreviations: GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; GWG: gestational weight gain; ppBMI: pre-pregnancy body mass index; iGWG: inadequate GWG; EGWG: excessive GWG; PIH: pregnancy-induced hypertension; CS: cesarean delivery; LGA: large-for-gestational age; SGA: small for-gestational age; FBG: fasting blood glucose; OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval
Adjusted OR: adjusted for maternal age, primiparity, gestational weeks, ppBMI, FBG and implementation on doctors’ advices
Adjusted ORa: adjusted for maternal age, primiparity, ppBMI, FBG and implementation on doctor’s advice
Adjusted ORb: adjusted for maternal age, primiparity, ppBMI, FBG, implementation on doctor’s advice, PIH and preeclampsia
Adjusted ORc: adjusted for maternal age, gestational weeks, primiparity, ppBMI, FBG, implementation on doctor’s advice, PIH and preeclampsia
*p value < 0.05; **p value < 0.001