Table 4.
Maternal ppBMI and GWG status and risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in GDM women
| Outcomes | Normal weight | Overweight/obese | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iGWG (n = 175) | Adequate GWG (n = 208) | EGWG (n = 98) | iGWG (n = 34) | Adequate GWG (n = 92) | EGWG (n = 92) | ||
| PIH, n (%) | 2(1.1) | 11(5.3) | 6(6.1) | 2(5.9) | 6(6.5) | 14(15.2) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.208(0.046–0.953)* | 1(ref) | 1.168(0.419–3.255) | 1.119(0.237–5.286) | 1.249(0.448–3.488) | 3.214(1.399–7.387)* | |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.086(0.009–0.812)* | 1(ref) | 1.437(0.496–4.160) | 0.444(0.038–5.202) | 1.041(0.337–3.214) | 3.113(1.257–7.709)* | |
| Preeclampsia, n (%) | 1(0.6) | 9(4.3) | 3(3.1) | 0(0) | 4(4.3) | 6(6.5) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.127(0.016–1.013) | 1(ref) | 0.698(0.185–2.638) | - | 1.005(0.301–3.351) | 1.543(0.533–4.468) | |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.094(0.009–0.999)* | 1(ref) | 0.847(0.215–3.343) | - | 0.668(0.169–2.641) | 1.572(0.493–5.005) | |
| CS, n (%) | 66(37.7) | 96(46.2) | 48(49) | 15(44.1) | 55(59.8) | 61(66.3) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.706(0.469–1.064) | 1(ref) | 1.120(0.692–1.811) | 0.921(0.444–1.911) | 1.734(1.054–2.853)* | 2.296(1.377–3.827)* | |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) | 1.054(1.000-1.111) | 1(ref) | 1.244(0.737-2.100) | 1.167(0.503–2.707) | 1.829(1.062–3.150)* | 2.699(1.535–4.746)* | |
| Preterm delivery, n (%) | 16(9.1) | 7(3.4) | 2(2) | 5(14.7) | 12(13) | 9(9.8) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 2.926(1.175–7.287)* | 1(ref) | 0.598(0.122–2.934) | 4.951(1.474–16.633) | 4.307(1.637–11.333)* | 3.114(1.122–8.637)* | |
| Adjusted ORa (95%CI) | 3.042(1.037–8.919)* | 1(ref) | 0.798(0.146–4.349) | 5.116(1.474–17.757)* | 5.570(1.662–18.662)* | 5.810(1.745–19.342)* | |
| LGA, n (%) | 28(16) | 47(22.6) | 38(38.8) | 8(23.5) | 27(29.3) | 35(38) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.652(0.388–1.096) | 1(ref) | 2.170(1.289–3.650) | 1.054(0.448–2.482) | 1.423(0.818–2.476) | 2.103(1.236–3.580)* | |
| Adjusted ORb (95%CI) | 0.668(0.390–1.147) | 1(ref) | 2.399(1.366–4.214)* | 0.983(0.372–2.598) | 1.128(0.621–2.049) | 2.892(1.185–3.695)* | |
| SGA, n (%) | 2(1.1) | 4(1.9) | 1(1) | 1(2.9) | 0(0) | 3(3.3) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.590(0.107–3.258) | 1(ref) | 0.526(0.058–4.767) | 1.545(0.168–14.277) | - | 1.719(0.377–7.841) | |
| Adjusted ORb (95%CI) | 0.415(0.061–2.806) | 1(ref) | 0.646(0.068–6.130) | 0.842(0.052–13.708) | - | 1.870(0.396–8.837) | |
| Macrosomia, n (%) | 7(4) | 16(7.7) | 16(16.3) | 3(8.8) | 10(10.9) | 19(20.7) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.515(0.207–1.283) | 1(ref) | 2.341(1.118–4.906)* | 1.200(0.330–4.367) | 1.500(0.653–3.447) | 3.211(1.565–6.588)* | |
| Adjusted ORc (95%CI) | 0292(0.032–2.710) | 1(ref) | 2.249(1.016–4.976)* | 0.976(0.232–4.106) | 1.047(0.420–2.612) | 3.679(1.731–7.819)* | |
| Low birth weight, n (%) | 11(6.3) | 5(2.4) | 1(1) | 4(11.8) | 7(7.6) | 4(4.3) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 2.809(0.956–8.249) | 1(ref) | 0.419(0.048–3.632) | 5.600(1.421–22.063) | 3.424(1.057–11.096)* | 1.888(0.495–7.203) | |
| Adjusted ORc (95%CI) | 1.012(0.149–6.862) | 1(ref) | 0.645(0.044–9.394) | 3.656(0.206–64.757) | 0.095(0.002–5.469) | 1.926(0.285–13.029) | |
| Any pregnancy complication, n (%) | 88(50.3) | 121(58.2) | 65(66.3) | 22(64.7) | 71(77.2) | 71(77.2) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | 0.727(0.485–1.090) | 1(ref) | 1.416(0.858–2.338) | 1.318(0.619–2.806) | 2.431(1.3894.253)* | 2.431(1.3894.253)* | |
| Adjusted ORa (95%CI) | 0.703(0.458–1.080) | 1(ref) | 1.745(1.008–3.022)* | 1.651(0.683–3.987) | 2.356(1.294–4.288)* | 3.064(1.636–5.739)** | |
Abbreviations: GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; GWG: gestational weight gain; ppBMI: pre-pregnancy body mass index; iGWG: inadequate GWG; EGWG: excessive GWG; PIH: pregnancy-induced hypertension; CS: cesarean delivery; LGA: large-for-gestational age; SGA: small for-gestational age; FBG: fasting blood glucose; OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval
Adjusted OR: adjusted for maternal age, primiparity, gestational weeks, FBG and implementation on doctors’ advices
Adjusted ORa: adjusted for maternal age, primiparity, FBG and implementation on doctor’s advice
Adjusted ORb: adjusted for maternal age, primiparity, FBG, implementation on doctor’s advice, PIH and preeclampsia
Adjusted ORc: adjusted for maternal age, gestational weeks, primiparity, FBG, implementation on doctor’s advice, PIH and preeclampsia
*p value < 0.05; **p value < 0.001