Table 2. Life history attributes and distribution of ray species assessed in the present study.

Species name	Common name	Distribution	Habitat	Disc width a (cm)	IUCN category	Traits b
Aetobatus narinari	Spotted eagle ray	Atlantic Ocean	Oceanic, coastal and benthopelagic	330	Near threatened	Site fidelity; ovoviviparous
Aetobatus ocellatus	Ocellated eagle ray	Indo–west Pacific	Oceanic, coastal and benthopelagic	300	Vulnerable	Ovoviviparous
Brevitrygon imbricata	Bengal whipray	Northern Indian Ocean	Coastal and demersal	23	Data deficient	Ovoviviparous
Brevitrygon walga	Scaly whipray/ Dwarf whipray	Western Indian Ocean	Coastal and demersal	32	Near threatened	Ovoviviparous
Gymnura micrura	Smooth butterfly ray	Atlantic Ocean	Coastal and demersal	110	Data deficient	Ovoviviparous
Gymnura poecilura	Longtail butterfly ray	Indo–Pacific	Coastal and demersal	104	Near threatened	Ovoviviparity
Himantura leoparda	Leopard whipray	Indo–west Pacific	Coastal and demersal	140	Vulnerable	Ovoviviparous
Himantura uarnak	Honeycomb stingray/ Reticulate whipray	Indo–west Pacific Lessepsian migrant found in the Mediterranean Sea.	Coastal and intertidal	160	Vulnerable	Site affinity; ovoviviparous
Maculabatis gerrardi	Sharpnose stingray	Indo–west Pacific	Coastal and demersal	116	Endangered	Ovoviviparous
Mobula birostris	Giant oceanic manta ray	Indo-Pacific	Oceanic, coastal and demersal	670–900	Vulnerable	Site fidelity, seasonal residency; ovoviviparous
Mobula kuhlii	Shortfin devil ray	Indo–west Pacific	Coastal, oceanic and pelagic	135	Endangered	Ovoviviparous
Mobula mobular	Devil Fish	Global	Oceanic, coastal and pelagic	520	Endangered	Ovoviviparous
Mobula tarapacana	Sicklefin devil ray	Global	Coastal, oceanic and pelagic	370	Endangered	Ovoviviparous
Mobula thurstoni	Bentfin devil ray	Global	Coastal and pelagic	189	Endangered	Ovoviviparous
Neotrygon indica	Indian ocean blue spotted maskray	Western Indian Ocean	Coastal and reef-associated	31.4	Newly described species
Neotrygon kuhlii	Bluespotted maskray	Southwest Pacific Ocean	Reef-associated and demersal	30	Data deficient	Site affinity, regional philopatry: ovoviviparous
Pateobatis jenkinsii	Jenskin’s whipray	Indo–Pacific	Coastal and demersal	150	Vulnerable	Ovoviviparous
Pteroplatytrygon violacea	Pelagic stingray	Global	Oceanic and pelagic	96	Least concern	Ovoviviparous
Taeniura lymma	Blue spotted ribbon ray	Indo–west Pacific	Coastal, reef-associated and benthic	30–35	Near threatened	Ovoviviparous

Notes.

^aDisc Width refers to the maximum measured wing-span of the ray species.

^bTraits refer to the type of philopatry and reproduction shown by the particular ray species.