Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of enrolled patients
| Non-viral (n = 1978) | Viral (n = 1744) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years; mean/median, IQR) | 60/61 (17) | 57/57 (13) | < 0.001 |
| Male (%) | 967 (49) | 1076 (62) | < 0.001 |
| White (%) | 1248 (63) | 1004 (58) | < 0.001 |
| Etiology of liver disease | |||
| Alcoholic liver disease (%) | 561 (28) | 424 (24) | 0.005 |
| Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (%) | 16 (0.8) | 5 (0.3) | 0.046 |
| Autoimmune hepatitis (%) | 118 (6) | 54 (3) | < 0.001 |
| Hemochromatosis (%) | 66 (3) | 45 (3) | 0.176 |
| Hepatitis B (%) | 0 | 321 (18) | N/A |
| Hepatitis C (%) | 0 | 1639 (94) | N/A |
| NAFLD (%) | 760 (38) | 0 | N/A |
| Primary biliary cholangitis (%) | 422 (21) | 133 (8) | < 0.001 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis (%) | 109 (6) | 46 (3) | < 0.001 |
| Wilson’s disease (%) | 10 (0.5) | 3 (0.2) | 0.1 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 1011 (51) | 715 (41) | < 0.001 |
| Morbid obesity (%) | 314 (16) | 153 (9) | < 0.001 |
| Biochemistries (mean/median, IQR) | |||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9/4 (0.7) | 3.9/3.9 (0.7) | 0.004 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.4/0.7 (0.7) | 1.3/0.8 (0.8) | 0.008 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9/0.8 (0.3) | 0.9/0.9 (0.3) | 0.1 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 59/39 (38) | 89/61 (69) | < 0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 52/32 (35) | 87/58 (68) | < 0.001 |
| INR of prothrombin time | 1.2/1.1 (0.2) | 1.1/1.1 (0.2) | 0.423 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 193/179 (131) | 139/139 (114) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 139/139 (4) | 139/139 (4) | 0.527 |
| Medications during enrollment | |||
| Beta-blockers (%) | 382 (19) | 341 (20) | 0.853 |
| Hepatitis B medications (%) | 79 (5) | N/A | |
| Interferon (%) | 42 (2) | N/A | |
| Direct antiviral agents (%) | 4 (0.2) | N/A | |
| Cirrhosis staging systems (mean/median, IQR) | |||
| ALBI | − 2.6/− 2.7 (0.8) | − 2.5/− 2.6 (0.8) | 0.003 |
| ALBI-FIB-4 | − 2.8/− 3.1 (1.5) | − 2.6/− 2.9 (1.7) | < 0.001 |
| APRI | 1/0.6 (0.9) | 2/1.2 (1.8) | < 0.001 |
| CTP | 5.6/5 (1) | 5.5/5 (1) | 0.568 |
| FIB-4 | 3.6/2.6 (3.2) | 4.7/3.4 (4) | < 0.001 |
| Lok index | 0.6/0.6 (0.6) | 0.6/0.6 (0.4) | 0.096 |
| MELD | 9.6/7.8 (4.5) | 9/7.9 (3.5) | 0.281 |
| Outcomes | |||
| First decompensation | 0.013 | ||
| Ascites | 146 | 153 | |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 122 | 107 | |
| Hepato-renal syndrome | 4 | 11 | |
| Variceal bleeding | 41 | 70 | |
| Decompensations during follow-up | |||
| Ascites (%) | 194 (10) | 207 (12) | 0.043 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy (%) | 164 (8) | 175 (10) | 0.065 |
| Hepato-renal syndrome (%) | 12 (0.6) | 26 (1) | 0.007 |
| Variceal bleeding (%) | 48 (2) | 80 (5) | < 0.001 |
INR, international normalized ratio; IQR, interquartile range; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Beta-blockers include Carvedilol, Nadolol, and Propranolol. Hepatitis B medications include Adefovir, Entecavir, Lamivudine, Telbivudine, and Tenofovir. Direct antiviral agents include Boceprevir, Daclatasvir, Harvoni, Simeprevir, and Telaprevir