Fig. 2.

Effects of MSC exosomes on odontogenic differentiation of DPCs. (A) ARS staining and (C) quantification of eluted dye showed enhanced odontogenic differentiation and mineralization with 5 and 10 µg/ml exosome treatment. (B) Immunofluorescence staining and (D) quantification of DSPP and DMP1 showed significantly higher percentages of DSPP and DMP1 positively stained cells with 5 and 10 µg/ml exosome treatment. (E) RT-qPCR analysis showed regulation of genes associated with odontogenic differentiation with 10 µg/ml exosome treatment. Representative results of 3 independent experiments. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared to PBS (n = 3).