. 2023 Jun 5;13(9):3598–3637. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.001

Table 2.

The effect of QFPD on metabolizing enzymes and transporters.

Herb	Component	Metabolizing enzyme							Transporter
Herb	Component	CYP1	CYP2	CYP3	UGT1	UGT2	UGT3	CES	OCTs	OAT	OATP	P-gp	BCRP	MRP
Ephedrae Herba (Refs. 82–86)	Water decoction	1A2↑										MDR1↓
	l-Ephedrine	1A1↑ 1A2↑	2C↑						OCT2^a			P-gp^a
	d-Pseudoephedrine	1A1↓ 1A2↓	2E1↓									P-gp^a
	Norpseudoephedrin								OCT2^a
	l-Methylephedrine											P-gp^a
Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Refs. 92,97–103,477)		1A2↑	2A1↑ 2B1↑ 2B9↑	3A↑ 3A4↑
	Extract		2B6↓ 2C9↓ 2C19↓	3A4↓
	Glycyrrhetinic acid		2C9^a 2C19^a	3A4^a	1A3↓	2B7↓		CES1↓				P-gp^a
	Glycyrrhizin	1A2↑	2A1↑ 2B1↑ 2B9↑	3A↑ 3A4↑
	Licochalcone A	1A2↓	2D6↓ 2E1↓ 2C19↓ 2C8↓ 2C9↓	3A4↓							1B1↓
	Glycyrol		2C9↓
Armeniacae Semen Amarum (Ref: 107)	Amygdalin		2C9↓ 2E1↓									P-gp^a
Gypsum Fibrosum (Ref: 112)		1A2↓
Gypsum Fibrosum (Ref: 112)
Cinnamomi Ramulus (Ref: 115)	Cinnamic acid	1A^a
Alismatis Rhizoma (Refs. 118,122–126,485)	Alisol acetates			3A2^a				CES2↓
	Alisol B 23-acetate			3A4↑								P-gp↓
	Alisol F 24-acetate											P-gp↓
	Water etract	1A2↑		3A4↑
	Alisol B				UGTs↓
Polyporus (Ref: 133)	Polyporus polysaccharides			3A↑
Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizoma (Refs. 137,138,140,141)				3A4↑
	Atractylenolide I					2B7↓						P-gp^a
	Atractylenolide II	1A2^a	2C9^a	3A4^a
	Atractylenolide III					2B7↓
Poria (Refs. 146–151)				3A4↑
	Galactoglucan		2E1↓
	Polysaccharides		2E1↓
	Pachymic acid											P-gp↓
	Dehydrotumulosic acid											P-gp↓
Bupleuri Radix (Refs. 159–161)	Saikosaponin a	1A2↑		3A4↓								P-gp↓
	Saikosaponin b	1A2↓		3A4↓
	Saikosaponin b2	1A2↓		3A4↓
	Saikosaponin c	1A2↓		3A4↓								P-gp↓		MRP2↓
	Saikosaponin d	1A2↑		3A4↓								P-gp↓		MRP2↓
	Saikosaponins		2C9↓	3A4↓
Scutellariae Radix (Refs. 172,174–182,478)	Aqueous extract of scutellariae radix		2C9↓ 2E1↑
	Baicalein			3A4↓	1A9^a 1A10^a			CES1/2↓				P-gp↓		MRP^a
	Baicalin		2C9↑ 2C19↑	3A4↑
	Wogonin	1A2↓			1A9^a
	Oroxylin A				1A9^a 1A10^a			CES1/2↓		OAT1↓ OAT3↓	1B1^a 1B1↓ 1B3^a		BCRP↓
	Salvigenin				1A8↓ 1A10↓
	Extract								OCT1↓
Pinelliae Rhizoma (Ref: 191)				3A↓
Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens (Refs. 201–205)	Ginger extract	1A2↑	2C9↑ 2C19↓ 2B6↑	3A4↑								P-gp↑
	6-Shagaol	1A1↑ 1A2↑	2C9↑ 2B6↑	3A4↑	1A1↑							P-gp↑
	6-Paradoal	1A2↑	2C9↑ 2B6↑	3A4↑								P-gp↑
	Dihydro-6-6-gingerdione	1A2↑	2C9↑ 2B6↑	3A4↑								P-gp↑
	6-Gingerol											P-gp↓
	8-Gingerol		2C9↓ 2C19↓ 2D6↓	3A4↓
	10-Gingerol		2C9↓ 2C19↓ 2D6↓	3A4↓
Asteris Radix et Rhizoma (Refs. 209,212)	Astin D		2D6↓	3A4↓
Asteris Radix et Rhizoma (Refs. 209,212)	Epiifedelanol											P-gp↓		MRP2↓
Farfarae Fos (Refs. 216–218)	Tussilagone	1A2^a	2B6^a 2C8^a 2C9^a 2C19^a 2D6^a 2E1^a	3A4^a
Farfarae Fos (Refs. 216–218)	Isochlorogenic acid Chlorogenic acid	1A2↓	2C9↓ 2E1↓		1A6↓	2B↑
Belamcandae Rhizoma (Refs. 225–228)	Isoflavones Total isoflavones	1A2↓ 1A2↓	2D6↑	3A4^a
	Iridin	1A7^a 1A8^a 1A9^a 1A10^a
	Tectorigenin	1A1^a 1A9^a
Asari Radix et Rhizoma (Refs. 233–238)	Asarinin	1A1^a	2C8^a	3A5^a
	Sesamin			3A4↓								MDR1↑		MRP1↑ MRP3↑
	Methyleugenol	1A2↓	2C19↓
	Safrole	1A2↓
	Myristicin	1A2↓	2E1↓ 2C19↓
Dioscoreae Rhizoma	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (Refs. 246–254)	Ethanol extract			3A4↑								P-gp↑
	Hesperetin	1A2^a			1A1↓ 1A3↓ 1A4↓ 1A7↓ 1A8↓ 1A9↓							P-gp^a
	Hesperidin											P-gp^a		MRP1^a MRP2^a MRP3^a
	Naringenin	1A2^a			1A1↓ 1A3↓ 1A4↓ 1A7↓ 1A8↓ 1A9↓ 1A10↓	2B7↓ 2B15↓					1B1↓ 1B3↓	P-gp^a
	Naringin		2E1↓	3A1↓ 3A2↓ 3A4↓							1A2↓ 1A5↓	P-gp^a↓		MRP1^a MRP2^a MRP3^a
Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Refs. 257–264)	Hesperidin	1A↓ 1B1↓		3A4↓								P-gp↓
	Nobiletin	1A2↓ 1A2↑ 1A1↑ 1B1↑
	Tangeretin	1A2^a		3A4↑							2B1↓
Pogostemonis Herba (Refs. 268,269)	Patchouli alcohol											P-gp^a		MRP^a
Pogostemonis Herba (Refs. 268,269)	Pogostone		2C9↓ 2E1↓	3A4↓

↑Indicates the induction effect on an enzyme or drug transporter.

↓Indicates the inhibitory effect on an enzyme or drug transporter.

Indicates that the drug is a substrate for an enzyme or drug transporter.