Table 3.

The effect of XFBD on metabolizing enzymes and transporters.

Herb	Component	Metabolizing enzyme							Transporter
		CYP1	CYP2	CYP3	UGT1	UGT2	UGT3	CES	OCTs	OAT	OATP	P-gp	BCRP	MRP
Phragmitis Rhizoma	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
Descurainiae Semen Lepidii Semen (Refs. 317–320)	Quercetin	1A2↓		3A4↓	1A9↓					OAT3↓	1B1↓ 1B3↓ 2B1↓	P-gp↓	BCRP↓
Atractylodis Rhizoma (Refs. 285,286)	Extract	1A2↑		3A1↓
	Atractyloside A	1A2↑	2C↑ 2E1↑
Pogostemonis Herba (Refs. 268,269)	Patchouli alcohol											P-gpa		MRPa
	Pogostone		2C9↓ 2E1↓	3A4↓
Verbenae Herba (Ref: 309)	(−)-Verbenone		2A6a 2C11a
Citri Grandis Exocarpium (Refs. 323,325–328)	Extract	1A1↑ 1A2↑	2B↑ 2E1↑
	Naringin	1A2↓									1A2↓ 2B1↓	P-gp↓
Artemisiae Annuae Herba (Refs. 293,294)	Artemisinin	1A2↑	2B6↑ 2B10↑ 2A5↑
Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Refs. 92,97–103,477)		1A2↑	2A1↑ 2B1↑ 2B9↑	3A↑ 3A4↑
	Extract		2B6↓ 2C9↓ 2C19↓	3A4↓
	Glycyrrhetinic acid		2C9a 2C19a	3A4a	1A3↓	2B7↓		CES1↓				P-gpa
	Glycyrrhizin	1A2↑	2A1↑ 2B1↑ 2B9↑	3A↑ 3A4↑
	Licochalcone A	1A2↓	2D6↓ 2E1↓ 2C19↓ 2C8↓ 2C9↓	3A4↓							1B1↓
	Glycyrol		2C9↓
Ephedrae Herba (Refs. 82–86)	Water decoction	1A2↑										MDR1↓
	l-Ephedrine	1A1↑ 1A2↑	2C↑						OCT2a			P-gpa
	d-Pseudoephedrine	1A1↓ 1A2↓	2E1↓									P-gpa
	Norpseudoephedrin								OCT2a
	l-Methylephedrine											P-gpa
Armeniacae Semen Amarum (Ref: 107)	Amygdalin		2C9↓ 2E1↓									P-gpa
Gypsum Fibrosum (Ref: 112)		1A2↓
Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix (Refs. 298–302)	Resveratrol			3A4↓	1A1a 1A9a					OAT1↓ OAT3↓	1B1↓ 1B3↓ 1A2↓ 2B1↓	P-gp↓		MRP2↓
Coicis Semen (Refs. 278,279)	Kanglaite	1A2↑	2B6↓ 2C9↓ 2C19↓	3A4↓
	Ethanolic extract	1A1↓	2C6↓	3A1↓
		1A2↓	2C11↓	3A2↓
			2D1↓
			2E1↓

↑Indicates the induction effect on an enzyme or drug transporter.

↓Indicates the inhibitory effect on an enzyme or drug transporter.

^aIndicates that the drug is a substrate for an enzyme or drug transporter.