Table 6.
Association of Alcohol Consumption Frequency and Alcohol Intake Quantity with Intraocular Pressure, Inner Retinal OCT Measures and Glaucoma
| IOP (mmHg) |
mRNFL (μm) |
mGCIPL (μpm) |
Glaucoma (%) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | P | β | 95% CI | P | β | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Alcohol consumption frequency | ||||||||||||
| Never | 0.09 | (−0.04, 0.21) | 0.17 | −0.08 | (−0.31, 0.14) | 0.46 | −0.08 | (−0.38, 0.21) | 0.57 | 1.23 | (0.94, 1.62) | 0.13 |
| Infrequent | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Regular | 0.17 | (0.10, 0.24) | <0.001 | −0.10 | (−0.23, 0.02) | 0.11 | −0.17 | (−0.33, 0.00) | 0.049 | 1.13 | (0.95, 1.34) | 0.16 |
| Former | −0.15 | (−0.28, -0.01) | 0.03 | −0.21 | (−0.45, 0.02) | 0.08 | −0.06 | (−0.37, 0.25) | 0.69 | 1.53 | (1.16, 2.02) | 0.002 |
| Alcohol intake quantity (g/week) | ||||||||||||
| Per SD increase | 0.08 | (0.05, 0.11) | <0.001 | −0.17 | (−0.22, −0.12) | <0.001 | −0.34 | (−0.40, −0.27) | <0.001 | 1.11 | (1.05, 1.18) | <0.001 |
| Quintiles | ||||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Quintile 2 | 0.09 | (0.01, 0.17) | 0.02 | 0.01 | (−0.13, 0.14) | 0.91 | 0.04 | (−0.14, 0.22) | 0.65 | 1.07 | (0.88, 1.31) | 0.48 |
| Quintile 3 | 0.15 | (0.07, 0.23) | <0.001 | −0.12 | (−0.26, 0.02) | 0.09 | −0.18 | (−0.36, 0.01) | 0.06 | 1.10 | (0.90, 1.34) | 0.37 |
| Quintile 4 | 0.18 | (0.09, 0.26) | <0.001 | −0.25 | (−0.39, −0.11) | <0.001 | −0.34 | (−0.53, −0.15) | <0.001 | 1.22 | (1.00, 1.48) | 0.05 |
| Quintile 5 | 0.27 | (0.19, 0.36) | <0.001 | −0.41 | (−0.56, −0.27) | <0.001 | −0.83 | (−1.02, −0.63) | <0.001 | 1.36 | (1.12, 1.66) | 0.002 |
| Ptrend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||
Note: Alcohol intake quantified in regular drinkers only. Details of alcohol intake quintiles for each cohort are reported in Table S3. All models adjusted for age (years), sex (women, men), ethnicity (White, Black, Other), Townsend deprivation index, assessment season (Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring), body mass index (kg/m2), height (cm), systolic blood pressure (mmHg), spherical equivalent (diopters), diabetes (yes, no), smoking status (never, previous, current), smoking intensity (number of cigarettes smoked/day), physical activity (MET-minutes/week). One standard deviation increase in alcohol intake is equivalent to an additional 111 — 112 g/week.
β = beta coefficient; CI = confidence interval; IOP = intraocular pressure; MET = metabolic equivalents; mGCIPL = macular ganglion cell—inner plexiform layer; mRNFL = macular retinal nerve fiber layer; OR = odds ratio; SD = standard deviation.