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. 2023 May 22;17:1193949. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1193949

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Copyright © 2023 Merlin and Vidyasagar.

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Diagram of relationship between opsin expression and light-delivery. Surface illumination (left) will deliver sufficient light to superficial layers, where even slightly lower levels of opsin expression can lead to successful modulation (A). Light intensity dissipates in deeper layers where optogenetic modulation requires high-levels of opsin expression (B), while low-levels will not be modulated (C). Multi-photon light activation could be used to access these deeper layers, though the area of light-activation will be greatly reduced. Implantable optic fibers (right) can be used to deliver light to deeper structures (E), though they might damage superficial layers (D) and could potentially disrupt functional column activity. Figure created with Biorender.com.