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. 2023 May 22;14:1155624. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1155624

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Expression levels of the ENV gene of HERV-K, HERV-W and HERV-H, inflammatory mediators and SARS-CoV-2 infection-related genes in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples. The transcriptional levels of the ENV gene of HERV-K, HERV-W and HERV-H (A), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, MCP-1, IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ), inflammatory mediators (IL-17RA and TLRs), ACE2 and the N gene of SARS-CoV-2 (ACE2 and N gene) (B) were analyzed by qRT-PCR in 20 SARS-CoV-2-negative and 43 SARS-CoV-2-positive swab samples. Among SARS-CoV-2-positive swabs, 29 samples came from individuals who did not require hospitalization (not-HOSPs) and 14 samples came from individuals who were immediately hospitalized at the time of the swab result (HOSPs). The results are represented as box plots (white box plots for negative swab samples, gray box plots for positive swab samples), depicting mild (black dot), and extreme outliers (asterisk) for each group. Group-wise differences were examined using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test (statistical significance was defined when p < 0.050).