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. 2023 May 22;14:1155624. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1155624

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Copyright © 2023 Petrone, Fanelli, Giudice, Toschi, Conti, Maracchioni, Iannetta, Resta, Cipriani, Miele, Amati, Andreoni, Sarmati, Rogliani, Novelli, Garaci, Rasi, Sinibaldi-Vallebona, Minutolo, Matteucci, Balestrieri and Grelli.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Relative expression of HERV-W ENV (A) and pro-inflammatory mediators (B) in positive swab samples from hospitalized COVID-19 patients stratified by oxygen support. HOSPs SARS-CoV-2-positive swabs were stratified according to the respiratory needs of patients during hospitalization: no oxygen support needed (None; n = 6) and oxygen support with a nasal cannula or Venturi mask (NC/VMK) and by non-invasive ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure or orotracheal intubation (NIV/C-PAP/OTI; n = 8). The mRNA expression of HERV-W ENV and pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-α, and IFN-β) are represented as box plots. The non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis test was used to compare groups and statistically significant values were considered when p < 0.050.