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. 2023 May 22;14:1155624. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1155624

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Copyright © 2023 Petrone, Fanelli, Giudice, Toschi, Conti, Maracchioni, Iannetta, Resta, Cipriani, Miele, Amati, Andreoni, Sarmati, Rogliani, Novelli, Garaci, Rasi, Sinibaldi-Vallebona, Minutolo, Matteucci, Balestrieri and Grelli.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Expression of HERVs and inflammatory markers in FaDu cells after in vitro stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. FaDu cells were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (5 nM) for 3, 8 and 24 h. HERVs (A), cytokines (B), interferons (C) and receptors (D) mRNA levels, obtained by qRT-PCR analysis, were represented as mean ± standard deviation. For comparisons non parametric Kruskal–Wallis test was utilized. Red lines and asterisks outline differences between untreated (ut) and treated with spike protein, while black lines and asterisks delineate differences between spike treatments at different times of exposure.